{"id":"ethoxzolamide","rwe":[{"pmid":"41596274","year":"2026","title":"Hyaluronic Acid-Palmitate Nanoparticle Delivery of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Impairs Growth and Early Metabolism in Escherichia coli Through β- and γ-Carbonic Anhydrase-Associated Processes.","finding":"","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40965460","year":"2025","title":"Green Synthesis of Sulfonamide Derivatives as Human Carbonic Anhydrase Isoforms I, II, IX, XII Inhibitors and Antioxidants: Comprehensive Insights From Biological Evaluation and In-Depth In Silico Analysis.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40911599","year":"2025","title":"Action at a distance: The remarkable coupling of CO(2) uptake to electron transfer in specialized cyanobacterial NDH-1 complexes.","finding":"","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40642047","year":"2025","title":"Systemic Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Common Ophthalmic Diseases: A Scoping Review from A Clinical Standpoint.","finding":"","journal":"Current ophthalmology reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40270820","year":"2025","title":"Bacterial carbonic anhydrase as a candidate vaccine target against Helicobacter pylori.","finding":"","journal":"Frontiers in microbiology","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"ethoxzolamide","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Carbonic anhydrase 2","category":"target"},{"label":"CA2","category":"gene"},{"label":"CA7","category":"gene"},{"label":"CA5A","category":"gene"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Pharmacia And Upjohn","category":"company"},{"label":"Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Diuretics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Natriuretic Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Pfizer","patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"ethamide","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["ethoxzolamide","ethoxyzolamide","etoxzolamide","ethamide"],"timeline":[],"aiSummary":"Ethamide (ETHOXZOLAMIDE) is a small molecule drug that targets carbonic anhydrase 2, a key enzyme involved in the regulation of acid-base balance in the body. It is classified as an ethoxzolamide and is off-patent, meaning it is no longer protected by patents. The exact indications for which it is approved are unknown, and its commercial status is unclear. Ethamide has a bioavailability of 65% but its half-life is unknown. As a result, its use and safety profile are not well established.","approvals":[{"date":"","orphan":false,"company":"PHARMACIA AND UPJOHN","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Ethamide","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"target":"Carbonic anhydrase 1, Carbonic anhydrase 12, Carbonic anhydrase 13","novelty":"First-in-class","targets":[{"gene":"CA2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 2","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 2"},{"gene":"CA7","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 7","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 7"},{"gene":"CA5A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase V","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial"},{"gene":"CA5B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase V","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial"},{"gene":"CA14","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 14","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 14"},{"gene":"CA13","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 13","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 13"},{"gene":"CA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 1","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 1"},{"gene":"CA12","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 12","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 12"},{"gene":"CA6","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 6","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 6"},{"gene":"CA9","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 9","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 9"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"ethoxzolamide","explanation":"Think of it like a leaky faucet - carbonic anhydrase 2 helps control how much acid flows into the body's cells. When it's working properly, it helps keep the right balance of acid and base. Ethamide blocks this enzyme, which can help reduce the amount of acid in the body.","oneSentence":"Ethamide works by inhibiting the enzyme carbonic anhydrase 2, which helps regulate the balance of acid and base in the body.","technicalDetail":"Ethamide (ETHOXZOLAMIDE) is a potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2), with a Ki of 1.4 nM, which leads to a decrease in the production of hydrogen ions and an increase in bicarbonate levels, ultimately affecting the acid-base balance in the body."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethoxzolamide","title":"Ethoxzolamide","extract":"Ethoxzolamide is a sulfonamide medication that functions as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma and duodenal ulcers, and as a diuretic. It may also be used in the treatment of some forms of epilepsy."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1089","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ETHOXZOLAMIDE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":3,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethoxzolamide","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T11:08:13.131121","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"acetazolamide","drugSlug":"acetazolamide","fdaApproval":"1953-07-27","genericCount":29,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"acetohydroxamic 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