{"id":"ethotoin","rwe":[{"pmid":"15039302","year":"2004","title":"Key structural features of ligands for activation of human pregnane X receptor.","finding":"","journal":"Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"1350205","year":"1992","title":"Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of ethotoin in humans following single oral doses of the racemate.","finding":"","journal":"Chirality","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"1675495","year":"1991","title":"Comparison of the behavioral teratogenic potential of phenytoin, mephenytoin, ethotoin, and hydantoin in rats.","finding":"","journal":"Teratology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"1973383","year":"1990","title":"Adjunctive therapy for intractable epilepsy with ethotoin.","finding":"","journal":"Epilepsia","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"2586488","year":"1989","title":"Role of microtubule assembly in phenytoin teratogenic action in the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) embryo.","finding":"","journal":"Molecular pharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"Anti-epileptic Agent","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","category":"target"},{"label":"SCN10A","category":"gene"},{"label":"SCN11A","category":"gene"},{"label":"SCN1A","category":"gene"},{"label":"N03AB01","category":"atc"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Tablet","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Epilepsy characterized by intractable complex partial seizures","category":"indication"},{"label":"Tonic-clonic epilepsy","category":"indication"},{"label":"Recordati Rare","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1950s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Anticonvulsants","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Membrane Transport Modulators","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Sodium Channel Blockers","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/felodipine","drug":"felodipine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Felodipine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"felodipine"},{"url":"/drug/fluorouracil","drug":"fluorouracil","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Fluorouracil","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"fluorouracil"},{"url":"/drug/fluoxetine","drug":"fluoxetine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Fluoxetine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"fluoxetine"},{"url":"/drug/fluvoxamine","drug":"fluvoxamine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Fluvoxamine 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erythematosus"]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Recordati","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ETHOTOIN","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:42:02.035260+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethotoin","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:42:09.318684+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada 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from RECORDATI RARE to Recordati Rare"},{"date":"1957-04-22","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Recordati Rare)"}],"aiSummary":"Peganone (ETHOTOIN) is an anti-epileptic agent developed by Recordati Rare, targeting the sodium channel alpha subunit. It is a small molecule modality approved by the FDA in 1957 for treating epilepsy characterized by intractable complex partial seizures and tonic-clonic epilepsy. Peganone is off-patent, with no active Orange Book patents, and no generic manufacturers. As an off-patent medication, its commercial status is subject to change. Key safety considerations are not explicitly stated in the provided facts.","approvals":[{"date":"1957-04-22","orphan":false,"company":"RECORDATI RARE","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Peganone","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Epilepsy characterized by intractable complex partial seizures","otherDrugs":[{"name":"carbamazepine","slug":"carbamazepine","company":"Novartis"},{"name":"fosphenytoin","slug":"fosphenytoin","company":"Parke Davis"},{"name":"lamotrigine","slug":"lamotrigine","company":"Glaxosmithkline Llc"},{"name":"levetiracetam","slug":"levetiracetam","company":"Ucb Inc"}],"globalPrevalence":50000000},{"indication":"Tonic-clonic epilepsy","otherDrugs":[{"name":"carbamazepine","slug":"carbamazepine","company":"Novartis"},{"name":"metharbital","slug":"metharbital","company":"Abbvie"},{"name":"phenytoin","slug":"phenytoin","company":"Parke Davis"},{"name":"primidone","slug":"primidone","company":"Valeant"}],"globalPrevalence":50000000}],"mechanism":{"target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"SCN10A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN11A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN1A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN3A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN4A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN5A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN7A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN8A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN9A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunit","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Anti-epileptic Agent","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Peganone (ETHOTOIN) acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, specifically targeting the alpha subunit, which is involved in the initiation and propagation of action potentials in neurons."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethotoin","title":"Ethotoin","extract":"Ethotoin is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is a hydantoin, similar to phenytoin. It is not available in the United States."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1957","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1957-04-22, RECORDATI RARE)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1088","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ETHOTOIN","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":3,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethotoin","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange 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