{"id":"ethinylestradiol","rwe":[{"pmid":"41899332","year":"2026","title":"Medical Treatment for Endometriosis: One Size Does Not Fit All.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41884207","year":"2026","title":"Editorial: Recent advances in thromboembolism and oral contraceptives.","finding":"","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41864410","year":"2026","title":"Removal of trace 17α-ethinylestradiol by microalgal-bacterial granular sludge: The overlooked role of extracellular photosensitization.","finding":"","journal":"Environmental research","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41850153","year":"2026","title":"Impact of bisphenol A and ethinyloestradiol on sex, body condition and digit ratio of the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus in the mesocosm exposure system.","finding":"","journal":"Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41835848","year":"2026","title":"Impact of Short-Term Estrogen Therapy on Endometrial Polyps Recurrence in Women with Intrauterine Adhesion and Endometrial Polyps: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","finding":"","journal":"International journal of women's health","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"Estrogen","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Estrogen receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"ESR1","category":"gene"},{"label":"ESR2","category":"gene"},{"label":"SLC6A4","category":"gene"},{"label":"G03AA01","category":"atc"},{"label":"Transdermal","category":"route"},{"label":"Vaginal","category":"route"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Insert","category":"form"},{"label":"Patch","category":"form"},{"label":"Ring","category":"form"},{"label":"Tablet","category":"form"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Acne vulgaris","category":"indication"},{"label":"Atrophic vaginitis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Atrophic vulva","category":"indication"},{"label":"Contraception","category":"indication"},{"label":"Controlled ovarian stimulation","category":"indication"},{"label":"Dysmenorrhea","category":"indication"},{"label":"Schering","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1940s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Contraceptive Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Contraceptive Agents, Female","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Contraceptive Agents, Hormonal","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Estrogens","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Hormones","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Reproductive Control Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":825.417,"date":"","count":450,"signal":"Pulmonary embolism","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 450 times (LLR=825)"},{"llr":776.123,"date":"","count":176,"signal":"Unintended pregnancy","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 176 times (LLR=776)"},{"llr":675.716,"date":"","count":167,"signal":"Intermenstrual bleeding","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 167 times (LLR=676)"},{"llr":606.722,"date":"","count":212,"signal":"Device expulsion","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 212 times (LLR=607)"},{"llr":422.719,"date":"","count":260,"signal":"Deep vein thrombosis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 260 times (LLR=423)"},{"llr":385.063,"date":"","count":197,"signal":"No adverse event","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 197 times (LLR=385)"},{"llr":344.596,"date":"","count":250,"signal":"Inappropriate schedule of product administration","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 250 times (LLR=345)"},{"llr":325.579,"date":"","count":83,"signal":"Pregnancy with contraceptive device","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 83 times (LLR=326)"},{"llr":317.707,"date":"","count":110,"signal":"Incorrect product administration duration","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 110 times (LLR=318)"},{"llr":240.412,"date":"","count":128,"signal":"Product quality issue","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 128 times (LLR=240)"},{"llr":222.839,"date":"","count":52,"signal":"Medical device discomfort","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 52 times (LLR=223)"},{"llr":189.183,"date":"","count":76,"signal":"Heavy menstrual bleeding","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 76 times (LLR=189)"},{"llr":157.462,"date":"","count":41,"signal":"Vulvovaginal discomfort","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 41 times (LLR=157)"},{"llr":148.871,"date":"","count":54,"signal":"Vaginal discharge","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 54 times (LLR=149)"},{"llr":141.913,"date":"","count":55,"signal":"Abortion induced","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 55 times (LLR=142)"}],"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/atazanavir","drug":"atazanavir","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Atazanavir, Ethinyl Estradiol","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"atazanavir"},{"url":"/drug/darunavir","drug":"darunavir","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Darunavir, Ethinyl Estradiol","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"darunavir"},{"url":"/drug/felbamate","drug":"felbamate","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Felbamate","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"felbamate"},{"url":"/drug/fosamprenavir","drug":"fosamprenavir","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Fosamprenavir","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"fosamprenavir"},{"url":"/drug/fosphenytoin","drug":"fosphenytoin","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Fosphenytoin Sodium","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"fosphenytoin"},{"url":"/drug/griseofulvin","drug":"griseofulvin","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Griseofulvin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"griseofulvin"},{"url":"/drug/letrozole","drug":"letrozole","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Letrozole","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"letrozole"},{"url":"/drug/lopinavir","drug":"lopinavir","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Lopinavir","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"lopinavir"},{"url":"/drug/methylphenobarbital","drug":"methylphenobarbital","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Mephobarbital","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"methylphenobarbital"},{"url":"/drug/modafinil","drug":"modafinil","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Modafinil","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"modafinil"},{"url":"/drug/nafcillin","drug":"nafcillin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Nafcillin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"nafcillin"},{"url":"/drug/nelfinavir","drug":"nelfinavir","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Nelfinavir Mesylate","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"nelfinavir"},{"url":"/drug/nevirapine","drug":"nevirapine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Nevirapine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"nevirapine"},{"url":"/drug/oxcarbazepine","drug":"oxcarbazepine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Oxcarbazepine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"oxcarbazepine"},{"url":"/drug/phenobarbital","drug":"phenobarbital","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Phenobarbital","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"phenobarbital"},{"url":"/drug/phenytoin","drug":"phenytoin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Phenytoin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"phenytoin"},{"url":"/drug/primidone","drug":"primidone","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Primidone","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"primidone"},{"url":"/drug/rifabutin","drug":"rifabutin","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Rifabutin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"rifabutin"},{"url":"/drug/rifampicin","drug":"rifampicin","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Rifampin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"rifampicin"},{"url":"/drug/rifapentine","drug":"rifapentine","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Ethinyl Estradiol, Rifapentine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"rifapentine"}],"commonSideEffects":[],"contraindications":["Acute nephropathy","Adrenal cortical hypofunction","Angina pectoris","Asthma","Bed-ridden","Benign Hepatic Cell Adenoma","Benign mammary dysplasia","Benign prostatic hyperplasia","Body fluid retention","Breast Carcinoma in Males","Breast lump","Breastfeeding (mother)","Carcinoma of female breast","Cardiovascular event risk","Cerebrovascular accident","Chloasma","Cholestasis of pregnancy","Chorea","Chronic heart failure","Deep venous thrombosis","Dementia","Depressive disorder","Diabetes mellitus","Diabetes with Vascular Disease Complication","Diplopia"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"Category X. Should not be used during pregnancy. There appears to be little or no increased risk of birth defects in children born to women who have used estrogens and progestins as an oral contraceptive inadvertently during early pregnancy.","Geriatric use":"An increased risk of probable dementia in women over 65 years of age was reported in the Womens Health Initiative Memory ancillary studies of the Womens Health Initiative. This product has not been studied in women over 65 years of age and is not indicated in this population.","Paediatric use":"Not indicated in children. Clinical studies have not been conducted in the pediatric population. Safety and efficacy of Aurovela 1.5/30 has been established in women of reproductive age. Safety and efficacy are expected to be the same for postpubertal adolescents under the age of 16 and for users 16 years and older.","Nursing Mothers":"Should not be used during lactation. Estrogen administration to nursing women has been shown to decrease the quantity and quality of the breast milk. Detectable amounts of estrogen and progestin have been identified in the breast milk of women receiving estrogen plus progestin therapy."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Merck & Co.","patents":[{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2039-06-21","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10918649"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2039-06-21","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10925882"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2039-06-21","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10940157"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2039-06-21","territory":"US","patentNumber":"11529308"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2039-02-01","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10632066"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2039-02-01","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10765628"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2039-02-01","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10780047"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2030-07-17","territory":"US","patentNumber":"11617751"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2030-02-08","territory":"US","patentNumber":"8617597"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2029-03-11","territory":"US","patentNumber":"8415332"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2029-02-02","territory":"US","patentNumber":"7704984"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2028-12-05","territory":"US","patentNumber":"7855190"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2028-08-26","territory":"US","patentNumber":"8246978"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2028-07-10","territory":"US","patentNumber":"8747888"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2028-07-10","territory":"US","patentNumber":"9050348"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2027-06-01","territory":"US","patentNumber":"7838042"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2025-10-07","territory":"US","patentNumber":"8450299"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2024-01-30","territory":"US","patentNumber":"7320969"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2023-06-23","territory":"US","patentNumber":"7858605"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2023-06-15","territory":"US","patentNumber":"7615545"}],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=Ethinylestradiol","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:00:16.461147+00:00"},"patents":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Orange Book","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_orange_book","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:00:16.461057+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinylestradiol","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:00:24.149597+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:00:22.000642+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ethinylestradiol","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:00:23.082624+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL2074825/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:00:23.794384+00:00"}},"allNames":"ortho-novum 10/11-21","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["ethinylestradiol betadex","ethynyl estradiol","ethinylestradiol","ethinyl estradiol","17-ethinylestradiol","ethinyloestradiol"],"timeline":[{"date":"1943-06-25","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Schering)"},{"date":"2010-07-23","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"PMDA approval (Bayer Yakuhin)"}],"approvals":[{"date":"1943-06-25","orphan":false,"company":"SCHERING","regulator":"FDA"},{"date":"2010-07-23","orphan":false,"company":"Bayer Yakuhin","regulator":"PMDA"}],"brandName":"Ortho-Novum 10/11-21","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Acne vulgaris","otherDrugs":[{"name":"adapalene","slug":"adapalene","company":"Galderma Labs Lp"},{"name":"ammonia","slug":"ammonia","company":""},{"name":"amphotericin B","slug":"amphotericin-b","company":"Apothecon"},{"name":"azelaic acid","slug":"azelaic-acid","company":"Allergan"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Atrophic vaginitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"dienestrol","slug":"dienestrol","company":"Ortho Mcneil Pharm"},{"name":"drospirenone","slug":"drospirenone","company":"Exeltis Usa Inc"},{"name":"estradiol","slug":"estradiol","company":"Bristol Myers Squibb"},{"name":"estradiol acetate","slug":"estradiol-acetate","company":"Warner Ireland"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Atrophic vulva","otherDrugs":[{"name":"dienestrol","slug":"dienestrol","company":"Ortho Mcneil Pharm"},{"name":"drospirenone","slug":"drospirenone","company":"Exeltis Usa Inc"},{"name":"estradiol","slug":"estradiol","company":"Bristol Myers Squibb"},{"name":"norethisterone","slug":"norethisterone","company":"Ortho Mcneil Pharm"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Contraception","otherDrugs":[{"name":"desogestrel","slug":"desogestrel","company":"Organon Usa Inc"},{"name":"dienogest","slug":"dienogest","company":""},{"name":"drospirenone","slug":"drospirenone","company":"Exeltis Usa Inc"},{"name":"estradiol","slug":"estradiol","company":"Bristol Myers Squibb"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Controlled ovarian stimulation","otherDrugs":[{"name":"chorionic gonadotrophin","slug":"chorionic-gonadotrophin","company":"Ferring"},{"name":"clomifene","slug":"clomifene","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"name":"drospirenone","slug":"drospirenone","company":"Exeltis Usa Inc"},{"name":"estradiol","slug":"estradiol","company":"Bristol Myers Squibb"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Dysmenorrhea","otherDrugs":[{"name":"caffeine","slug":"caffeine","company":"Novartis"},{"name":"celecoxib","slug":"celecoxib","company":"Gd Searle"},{"name":"diclofenac","slug":"diclofenac","company":""},{"name":"dienogest","slug":"dienogest","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":700000000},{"indication":"Menopausal flushing","otherDrugs":[{"name":"bazedoxifene","slug":"bazedoxifene","company":"Wyeth Pharms Pfizer"},{"name":"conjugated estrogens","slug":"conjugated-estrogens","company":"Wyeth Pharms Inc"},{"name":"drospirenone","slug":"drospirenone","company":"Exeltis Usa Inc"},{"name":"estradiol","slug":"estradiol","company":"Bristol Myers Squibb"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"alendronic acid","slug":"alendronic-acid","company":"Merck And Co Inc"},{"name":"bazedoxifene","slug":"bazedoxifene","company":"Wyeth Pharms Pfizer"},{"name":"calcitonin (salmon synthetic)","slug":"calcitonin-(salmon-synthetic)","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"name":"calcium citrate","slug":"calcium-citrate","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":200000000}],"mechanism":{"target":"Estrogen receptor","novelty":"First-in-class","targets":[{"gene":"ESR1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Estrogen receptor","protein":"Estrogen receptor"},{"gene":"ESR2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Estrogen receptor beta","protein":"Estrogen receptor beta"},{"gene":"SLC6A4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter","protein":"Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter"},{"gene":"AR","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Androgen receptor","protein":"Androgen receptor"},{"gene":"SHBG","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sex hormone-binding globulin","protein":"Sex hormone-binding globulin"},{"gene":"SLC6A3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter","protein":"Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter"},{"gene":"AOX1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Aldehyde oxidase","protein":"Aldehyde oxidase"},{"gene":"NR3C1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Glucocorticoid receptor","protein":"Glucocorticoid receptor"},{"gene":"SLC6A2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter","protein":"Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter"},{"gene":"SLC22A2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Solute carrier family 22 member 2","protein":"Solute carrier family 22 member 2"}],"moaClass":"Estrogen Receptor Agonists","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Estrogen","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Ethinylestradiol is a synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen that acts as a partial agonist at the estrogen receptor, modulating gene expression and influencing various physiological processes."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinylestradiol","title":"Ethinylestradiol","extract":"Ethinylestradiol (EE) is an estrogen medication which is used widely in birth control pills in combination with progestins. Ethinylestradiol is widely used for various indications such as the treatment of menopausal symptoms, gynecological disorders, and certain hormone-sensitive cancers. It is usually taken by mouth but is also used as a patch and vaginal ring.","wiki_history":"==History==\nEthinylestradiol was the first orally active synthetic estrogen and was described in 1938 by Hans Herloff Inhoffen and Walter Hohlweg of Schering AG in Berlin. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 1943, and marketed by Schering under the brand name Estinyl. The FDA withdrew approval of Estinyl effective 4 June 2004 at the request of Schering, which had discontinued marketing it.\n\nEthinylestradiol was never introduced for use by intramuscular injection.\n\nEthinylestradiol was first used in combined oral contraceptives, as an alternative to mestranol, in 1964, and shortly thereafter superseded mestranol in combined oral contraceptives.\n\nEarly combined oral contraceptives contained 40 to 100 μg/day ethinylestradiol and 50 to 150 μg/day mestranol.","wiki_society_and_culture":"==Society and culture==\n\n===Generic names===\nEthinylestradiol is the English generic name of the drug and its , , , and . It has also been spelled as ethynylestradiol, ethynyloestradiol, and ethinyloestradiol (all having the same pronunciation), and the latter was formerly its  but was eventually changed.\n\n===Availability===\nEthinylestradiol is marketed throughout the world.\n|-\n| Levonorgestrel || 128 || 4million || \n|-\n| Drospirenone || 142 || 4million || \n|-\n| Desogestrel || 161 || 3million || \n|-\n| Etonogestrel || 194 || 2million || \n|-\n| Norgestrel || 264 || 1million || \n|-\n| Drospirenone and levomefolic acid || 285 || 500,000 || \n|-\n| Etynodiol || 294 || 400,000 || \n|}"},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1943","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1943-06-25, SCHERING)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1082","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=Ethinylestradiol","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ethinylestradiol","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinylestradiol","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T11:07:36.337834","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T02:00:25.598211+00:00","fieldsConflicting":2,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"etynodiol","drugSlug":"etynodiol","fdaApproval":"1966-03-23","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"megestrol acetate","drugSlug":"megestrol-acetate","fdaApproval":"1971-08-18","genericCount":10,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"norethisterone","drugSlug":"norethisterone","fdaApproval":"1962-05-21","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"levonorgestrel","drugSlug":"levonorgestrel","fdaApproval":"1968-04-16","patentExpiry":"Sep 7, 2040","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"medroxyprogesterone","drugSlug":"medroxyprogesterone","fdaApproval":"1959-06-18","genericCount":16,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"desogestrel","drugSlug":"desogestrel","fdaApproval":"1992-12-10","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"norgestimate","drugSlug":"norgestimate","fdaApproval":"1989-12-29","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"drospirenone","drugSlug":"drospirenone","fdaApproval":"2019-05-23","patentExpiry":"Jun 28, 2031","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"norelgestromin","drugSlug":"norelgestromin","fdaApproval":"2001-11-20","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"estradiol","drugSlug":"estradiol","fdaApproval":"1975-07-23","patentExpiry":"Nov 21, 2032","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"dienogest","drugSlug":"dienogest","fdaApproval":"2010-05-06","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"estetrol","drugSlug":"estetrol","fdaApproval":"2021-04-15","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"ethinylestradiol","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Acne vulgaris","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":88616000,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":null},{"name":"Atrophic vaginitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":52441000,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":null},{"name":"Atrophic vulva","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":248861000,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":null},{"name":"Contraception","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":13197004,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"women with body mass index (BMI) 30 kg/m2 for whom combined hormonal contraceptive is appropriate"},{"name":"Controlled ovarian stimulation","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":732970000,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":null},{"name":"Dysmenorrhea","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":266599000,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":null,"usPrevalence":null,"globalPrevalence":700000000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"Cochrane, 2023"},{"name":"Menopausal flushing","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":198436008,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":null},{"name":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":102447009,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":null,"usPrevalence":10000000,"globalPrevalence":200000000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"IOF, 2023"},{"name":"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":596004,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":null,"usPrevalence":8000000,"globalPrevalence":100000000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"ACOG, 2023"}],"offLabel":[{"name":"Abnormal uterine bleeding unrelated to menstrual cycle","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"Ethinylestradiol","evidenceCount":0,"evidenceLevel":"emerging"},{"name":"Amenorrhea","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"Ethinylestradiol","evidenceCount":473,"evidenceLevel":"strong"},{"name":"Female hypogonadism syndrome","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"Ethinylestradiol","evidenceCount":26,"evidenceLevel":"moderate"},{"name":"Menorrhagia","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"Ethinylestradiol","evidenceCount":121,"evidenceLevel":"strong"},{"name":"Polycystic ovaries","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"Ethinylestradiol","evidenceCount":377,"evidenceLevel":"strong"},{"name":"Postcoital 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