{"id":"ethambutol","rwe":[{"pmid":"41906859","year":"2026","title":"Clinical profile and predictors of mortality among people living with HIV/AIDS with Mycobacterium tuberculosis detected in blood or bone marrow at a tertiary hospital in Northeast Brazil.","finding":"","journal":"Tropical doctor","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41906661","year":"2026","title":"Pharmacokinetics and Dose Optimization of Ethambutol in Children on First-line Antituberculosis Therapy: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis.","finding":"","journal":"The Journal of infectious diseases","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41905405","year":"2026","title":"Risk factors for ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies.","finding":"","journal":"Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41894632","year":"2026","title":"Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patient with Type 2 Respiratory Failure and Sepsis.","finding":"","journal":"International journal of mycobacteriology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41892477","year":"2026","title":"Enhanced In Vitro Stability of Bedaquiline with Ascorbic Acid and Pyruvate During Long-Term Incubation in Mycobacterium Species.","finding":"","journal":"Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"a5247287-041a-4548-9a24-aadbfd233459","set_id":"08decdf3-a397-42e7-8ac3-e489c0cc7085","openfda":{"upc":["0342806101018","0342806102015"],"unii":["QE4VW5FO07"],"route":["ORAL"],"rxcui":["995599","995607"],"spl_id":["a5247287-041a-4548-9a24-aadbfd233459"],"brand_name":["ETHAMBUTOL HYDROCHLORIDE"],"spl_set_id":["08decdf3-a397-42e7-8ac3-e489c0cc7085"],"package_ndc":["42806-101-01","42806-102-01"],"product_ndc":["42806-101","42806-102"],"generic_name":["ETHAMBUTOL HYDROCHLORIDE"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["ETHAMBUTOL HYDROCHLORIDE"],"manufacturer_name":["Epic Pharma, LLC"],"application_number":["ANDA075095"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"4","warnings":["WARNINGS Ethambutol hydrochloride may produce decreases in visual acuity which appear to be due to optic neuritis. This effect may be related to dose and duration of treatment. This effect is generally reversible when administration of the drug is discontinued promptly. However, irreversible blindness has been reported. (See PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS ). Liver toxicities including fatalities have been reported (See ADVERSE REACTIONS ). Baseline and periodic assessment of hepatic function should be performed."],"pregnancy":["Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category C There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. There are reports of ophthalmic abnormalities occurring in infants born to women on antituberculous therapy that included ethambutol hydrochloride. Ethambutol hydrochloride should be used during pregnancy, only if the benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Ethambutol hydrochloride has been shown to be teratogenic in pregnant mice and rabbits when given in high doses. When pregnant mice or rabbits were treated with high doses of ethambutol hydrochloride, fetal mortality was slightly but not significantly (P>0.05) increased. Female rats treated with ethambutol hydrochloride displayed slight but insignificant (P>0.05) decreases in fertility and litter size. In fetuses born of mice treated with high doses of ethambutol hydrochloride during pregnancy, a low incidence of cleft palate, exencephaly and abnormality of the vertebral column were observed. Minor abnormalities of the cervical vertebra were seen in the newborn of rats treated with high doses of ethambutol hydrochloride during pregnancy. Rabbits receiving high doses of ethambutol hydrochloride during pregnancy gave birth to two fetuses with monophthalmia, one with a shortened right forearm accompanied by bilateral wrist-joint contracture and one with hare lip and cleft palate."],"description":["DESCRIPTION Ethambutol hydrochloride is an oral chemotherapeutic agent which is specifically effective against actively growing microorganisms of the genus Mycobacterium, including M. tuberculosis. Ethambutol hydrochloride is a white, crystalline powder. The structural formula is: C 10 H 24 N 2 O 2 • 2HCl M.W. 277.23 (+)-2,2’ (Ethylenediimino)-di-1-butanol dihydrochloride Each Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablet, USP for oral administration, contains 100 mg or 400 mg ethambutol hydrochloride. In addition, each Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablet, USP contains the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, croscarmellose sodium, docusate sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, stearic acid, sugar. Film coating and polishing contains: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, and titanium dioxide. structure.jpg"],"precautions":["PRECAUTIONS Ethambutol hydrochloride is not recommended for use in pediatric patients under 13 years of age since safe conditions for use have not been established. Patients with decreased renal function need the dosage reduced as determined by serum levels of ethambutol hydrochloride, since the main path of excretion of this drug is by the kidneys. Because this drug may have adverse effects on vision, physical examination should include ophthalmoscopy, finger perimetry and testing of color discrimination. In patients with visual defects such as cataracts, recurrent inflammatory conditions of the eye, optic neuritis, and diabetic retinopathy, the evaluation of changes in visual acuity is more difficult, and care should be taken to be sure the variations in vision are not due to the underlying disease conditions. In such patients, consideration should be given to relationship between benefits expected and possible visual deterioration since evaluation of visual changes is difficult. (For recommended procedures, see next paragraphs under ADVERSE REACTIONS ). As with any potent drug, baseline and periodic assessment of organ system functions, including renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic, should be performed. Drug Interactions The results of a study of coadministration of ethambutol hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) with an aluminum hydroxide containing antacid to 13 patients with tuberculosis showed a reduction of mean serum concentrations and urinary excretion of ethambutol of approximately 20% and 13% respectively, suggesting that the oral absorption of ethambutol may be reduced by these antacid products. It is recommended to avoid concurrent administration of ethambutol with aluminum hydroxide containing antacids for at least 4 hours following ethambutol administration. Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category C There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. There are reports of ophthalmic abnormalities occurring in infants born to women on antituberculous therapy that included ethambutol hydrochloride. Ethambutol hydrochloride should be used during pregnancy, only if the benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Ethambutol hydrochloride has been shown to be teratogenic in pregnant mice and rabbits when given in high doses. When pregnant mice or rabbits were treated with high doses of ethambutol hydrochloride, fetal mortality was slightly but not significantly (P>0.05) increased. Female rats treated with ethambutol hydrochloride displayed slight but insignificant (P>0.05) decreases in fertility and litter size. In fetuses born of mice treated with high doses of ethambutol hydrochloride during pregnancy, a low incidence of cleft palate, exencephaly and abnormality of the vertebral column were observed. Minor abnormalities of the cervical vertebra were seen in the newborn of rats treated with high doses of ethambutol hydrochloride during pregnancy. Rabbits receiving high doses of ethambutol hydrochloride during pregnancy gave birth to two fetuses with monophthalmia, one with a shortened right forearm accompanied by bilateral wrist-joint contracture and one with hare lip and cleft palate. Nursing Mothers Ethambutol hydrochloride is excreted into breast milk. The use of ethambutol hydrochloride should be considered only if the expected benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk to the infant. Pediatric Use Ethambutol hydrochloride is not recommended for use in pediatric patients under 13 years of age since safe conditions for use have not been established. Geriatric Use There are limited data on the use of ethambutol hydrochloride in the elderly. One study of 101 patients, 65 years and older, on multiple drug antituberculosis regimens included 94 patients on ethambutol hydrochloride. No differences in safety or tolerability were observed in these patients compared with that reported in adults in general. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out."],"how_supplied":["HOW SUPPLIED Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablets USP, 100 mg: round, white, film-coated tablets, debossed “VP” on one side and “11” on the other side. • NDC 42806-101-01 Bottles of 100 tablets Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablets USP, 400 mg: round, white, film-coated tablets, debossed “VP” on one side and “1” to the left of bisect, and “4” to the right of bisect on the other side. • NDC 42806-102-01 Bottles of 100 tablets Store at 20°- 25°C (68°- 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from light and moisture. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure. KEEP THIS AND ALL MEDICATIONS OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. Distributed by: Epic Pharma, LLC Laurelton, NY 11413 Rev. 01-2023-00 MF101REV01/23 OE2965"],"geriatric_use":["Geriatric Use There are limited data on the use of ethambutol hydrochloride in the elderly. One study of 101 patients, 65 years and older, on multiple drug antituberculosis regimens included 94 patients on ethambutol hydrochloride. No differences in safety or tolerability were observed in these patients compared with that reported in adults in general. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out."],"pediatric_use":["Pediatric Use Ethambutol hydrochloride is not recommended for use in pediatric patients under 13 years of age since safe conditions for use have not been established."],"effective_time":"20231108","nursing_mothers":["Nursing Mothers Ethambutol hydrochloride is excreted into breast milk. The use of ethambutol hydrochloride should be considered only if the expected benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk to the infant."],"adverse_reactions":["ADVERSE REACTIONS Ethambutol hydrochloride may produce decreases in visual acuity, including irreversible blindness, which appear to be due to optic neuritis. Optic neuropathy including optic neuritis or retrobulbar neuritis occurring in association with ethambutol therapy may be characterized by one or more of the following events: decreased visual acuity, scotoma, color blindness, and/or visual defect. These events have also been reported in the absence of a diagnosis of optic or retrobulbar neuritis. Patients should be advised to report promptly to their physician any change in visual acuity. The change in visual acuity may be unilateral or bilateral and hence each eye must be tested separately and both eyes tested together. Testing of visual acuity should be performed before beginning ethambutol hydrochloride therapy and periodically during drug administration, except that it should be done monthly when a patient is on a dosage of more than 15 mg/kg/day. Snellen eye charts are recommended for testing of visual acuity. Studies have shown that there are definite fluctuations of one or two lines of the Snellen chart in the visual acuity of many tuberculous patients not receiving ethambutol hydrochloride. The following table may be useful in interpreting possible changes in visual acuity attributable to ethambutol hydrochloride. Initial Snellen Reading Reading Indicating Significant Decrease Significant Number of Lines Decrease Number of Points 20/13 20/25 3 12 20/15 0/25 2 10 20/20 20/30 2 10 20/25 20/40 2 15 20/30 20/50 2 20 20/40 20/70 2 30 20/40 20/70 1 20 In general, changes in visual acuity less than those indicated under “Significant Number of Lines” and “Decrease Number of Points”, may be due to chance variation, limitations of the testing method, or physiologic variability. Conversely, changes in visual acuity equaling or exceeding those under “Significant Number of Lines” and “Decrease Number of Points” indicate the need for retesting and careful evaluation of the patient’s visual status. If careful evaluation confirms the magnitude of visual change and fails to reveal another cause, ethambutol hydrochloride should be discontinued and the patient reevaluated at frequent intervals. Progressive decreases in visual acuity during therapy must be considered to be due to ethambutol hydrochloride. If corrective glasses are used prior to treatment, these must be worn during visual acuity testing. During 1 to 2 years of therapy, a refractive error may develop which must be corrected in order to obtain accurate test results. Testing the visual acuity through a pinhole eliminates retractive error. Patients developing visual abnormality during ethambutol hydrochloride treatment may show subjective visual symptoms before, or simultaneously with, the demonstration of decreases in visual acuity, and all patients receiving ethambutol hydrochloride should be questioned periodically about blurred vision and other subjective eye symptoms. Recovery of visual acuity generally occurs over a period of weeks to months after the drug has been discontinued. Some patients have received ethambutol hydrochloride again after such recovery without recurrence of loss of visual acuity. Other adverse reactions reported include: hypersensitivity, anaphylactic/ anaphylactoid reaction, dermatitis, erythema multiforme, pruritus, and joint pain; anorexia, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal upset, and abdominal pain; fever, malaise, headache, and dizziness; mental confusion, disorientation, and possible hallucinations; thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and neutropenia. Numbness and tingling of the extremities due to peripheral neuritis have been reported. Elevated serum uric acid levels occur and precipitation of acute gout has been reported. Pulmonary infiltrates, with or without eosinophilia, also have been reported during ethambutol hydrochloride therapy. Liver toxicities, including fatalities, have been reported (See WARNINGS .) Since ethambutol hydrochloride is recommended for therapy in conjunction with one or more other antituberculous drugs, these changes may be related to the concurrent therapy. Hypersensitivity syndrome consisting of cutaneous reaction (such as rash or exfoliative dermatitis), eosinophilia, and one or more of the following: hepatitis, pneumonitis, nephritis, myocarditis, pericarditis.Fever and lymphadenopathy may be present."],"contraindications":["CONTRAINDICATIONS Ethambutol hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients who are known to be hypersensitive to this drug. It is also contraindicated in patients with known optic neuritis unless clinical judgment determines that it may be used. Ethambutol hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients who are unable to appreciate and report visual side effects or changes in vision (e.g., young children, unconscious patients)."],"drug_interactions":["Drug Interactions The results of a study of coadministration of ethambutol hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) with an aluminum hydroxide containing antacid to 13 patients with tuberculosis showed a reduction of mean serum concentrations and urinary excretion of ethambutol of approximately 20% and 13% respectively, suggesting that the oral absorption of ethambutol may be reduced by these antacid products. It is recommended to avoid concurrent administration of ethambutol with aluminum hydroxide containing antacids for at least 4 hours following ethambutol administration."],"clinical_pharmacology":["CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Ethambutol hydrochloride following a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight, attains a peak of 2 to 5 mcg/mL in serum 2 to 4 hours after administration. When the drug is administered daily for longer periods of time at this dose, serum levels are similar. The serum level of ethambutol hydrochloride falls to undetectable levels by 24 hours after the last dose except in some patients with abnormal renal function. The intercellular concentrations of erythrocytes reach peak values approximately twice those of plasma and maintain this ratio throughout the 24 hours. During the 24-hour period following oral administration of ethambutol hydrochloride approximately 50 percent of the initial dose is excreted unchanged in the urine, while an additional 8 to 15 percent appears in the form of metabolites. The main path of metabolism appears to be an initial oxidation of the alcohol to an aldehydic intermediate, followed by conversion to a dicarboxylic acid. From 20 to 22 percent of the initial dose is excreted in the feces as unchanged drug. No drug accumulation has been observed with consecutive single daily doses of 25 mg/kg in patients with normal kidney function, although marked accumulation has been demonstrated in patients with renal insufficiency. Ethambutol hydrochloride diffuses into actively growing Mycobacterium cells such as tubercle bacilli. Ethambutol hydrochloride appears to inhibit the synthesis of one or more metabolites, thus causing impairment of cell metabolism, arrest of multiplication, and cell death. No cross resistance with other available antimycobacterial agents has been demonstrated. Ethambutol hydrochloride has been shown to be effective against strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis but does not seem to be active against fungi, viruses, or other bacteria. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains previously unexposed to ethambutol hydrochloride have been uniformly sensitive to concentrations of 8 or less mcg/mL, depending on the nature of the culture media. When ethambutol hydrochloride has been used alone for treatment of tuberculosis, tubercle bacilli from these patients have developed resistance to ethambutol hydrochloride by in vitro susceptibility tests; the development of resistance has been unpredictable and appears to occur in a step-like manner. No cross resistance between ethambutol hydrochloride and other antituberculous drugs has been reported. Ethambutol hydrochloride has reduced the incidence of the emergence of mycobacterial resistance to isoniazid when both drugs have been used concurrently. An agar diffusion microbiologic assay, based upon inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC 607) may be used to determine concentrations of ethambutol hydrochloride in serum and urine. ANIMAL PHPARMACOLOGY Toxicological studies in dogs on high prolonged doses produced evidence of myocardial damage and failure, and depigmentation of the tapetum lucidum of the eyes, the significance of which is not known. Degenerative changes in the central nervous system, apparently not dose-related, have also been noted in dogs receiving ethambutol hydrochloride over a prolonged period. In the rhesus monkey, neurological signs appeared after treatment with high doses given daily over a period of several months. These were correlated with specific serum levels of ethambutol and with definite neuroanatomical changes in the central nervous system. Focal interstitial carditis was also noted in monkeys which received ethambutol hydrochloride in high doses for a prolonged period."],"indications_and_usage":["INDICATIONS AND USAGE Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablets, USP are indicated for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. It should not be used as the sole antituberculous drug, but should be used in conjunction with at least one other antituberculous drug. Selection of the companion drug should be based on clinical experience, considerations of comparative safety, and appropriate in vitro susceptibility studies. In patients who have not received previous antituberculous therapy, i.e., initial treatment, the most frequently used regimens have been the following: Ethambutol hydrochloride, USP plus isoniazid Ethambutol hydrochloride, USP plus isoniazid plus streptomycin In patients who have received previous antituberculous therapy, mycobacterial resistance to other drugs used in initial therapy is frequent. Consequently, in such retreatment patients, ethambutol hydrochloride should be combined with at least one of the second line drugs not previously administered to the patient and to which bacterial susceptibility has been indicated by appropriate in vitro studies. Antituberculous drugs used with ethambutol hydrochloride have included cycloserine, ethionamide, pyrazinamide, viomycin and other drugs. Isoniazid, aminosalicylic acid, and streptomycin have also been used in multiple drug regimens. Alternating drug regimens have also been utilized."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
InitialSnellen Reading
Reading IndicatingSignificant Decrease
SignificantNumber of Lines
DecreaseNumber of Points
20/13
20/25
3
12
20/15
0/25
2
10
20/20
20/30
2
10
20/25
20/40
2
15
20/30
20/50
2
20
20/40
20/70
2
30
20/40
20/70
1
20
"],"dosage_and_administration":["DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Ethambutol hydrochloride should not be used alone, in initial treatment or in retreatment. Ethambutol hydrochloride should be administered on a once every 24-hour basis only. Absorption is not significantly altered by administration with food. Therapy, in general, should be continued until bacteriological conversion has become permanent and maximal clinical improvement has occurred. Ethambutol hydrochloride is not recommended for use in pediatric patients under 13 years of age since safe conditions for use have not been established. Initial Treatment In patients who have not received previous antituberculous therapy, administer ethambutol hydrochloride 15 mg/kg (7 mg/lb) of body weight, as a single oral dose once every 24 hours. In the more recent studies, isoniazid has been administered concurrently in a single, daily, oral dose. Retreatment In patients who have received previous antituberculous therapy, administer ethambutol hydrochloride 25 mg/kg (11 mg/lb) of body weight, as a single oral dose once every 24 hours. Concurrently administer at least one other antituberculous drug to which the organisms have been demonstrated to be susceptible by appropriate in vitro tests. Suitable drugs usually consist of those not previously used in the treatment of the patient. After 60 days of ethambutol hydrochloride administration, decrease the dose to 15 mg/kg (7 mg/lb) of body weight, and administer as a single oral dose once every 24 hours. During the period when a patient is on a daily dose of 25 mg/kg, monthly eye examinations are advised. See Table for easy selection of proper weight-dose tablet(s). Weight-Dose Table 15 mg/kg (7 mg/lb) Schedule Weight Range Pounds Kilograms Daily Dose In mg Under 85 lbs. Under 37 kg 500 85 - 94.5 37 - 43 600 95 - 109.5 43 - 50 700 110 - 124.5 50 - 57 800 125 - 139.5 57 - 64 900 140 - 154.5 64 - 71 1000 155 - 169.5 71 - 79 1100 170 - 184.5 79 - 84 1200 185 - 199.5 84 - 90 1300 200 - 214.5 90 - 97 1400 215 and Over Over 97 1500 25 mg/kg (11 mg/lb) Schedule Under 85 lbs. Under 38 kg 900 85 - 92.5 38 - 42 1000 92.5 - 101.5 42 - 45.5 1100 102 - 109.5 45.5 - 50 1200 110 - 118.5 50 - 54 1300 119 - 128.5 54 - 58 1400 129 - 136.5 58 - 62 1500 137 - 146.5 62 - 67 1600 147 - 155.5 67 - 71 1700 156 - 164.5 71 - 75 1800 165 - 173.5 75 - 79 1900 174 - 182.5 79 - 83 2000 183 - 191.5 83 - 87 2100 192 - 199.5 87 - 91 2200 200 - 209.5 91 - 95 2300 210 - 218.5 95 - 99 2400 219 and Over Over 99 2500"],"spl_product_data_elements":["ETHAMBUTOL HYDROCHLORIDE ETHAMBUTOL HYDROCHLORIDE ETHAMBUTOL HYDROCHLORIDE ETHAMBUTOL CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM DOCUSATE SODIUM HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED POLYSORBATE 80 POVIDONE K30 SILICON DIOXIDE STARCH, CORN STEARIC ACID SUCROSE TITANIUM DIOXIDE VP;11 ETHAMBUTOL HYDROCHLORIDE ETHAMBUTOL HYDROCHLORIDE ETHAMBUTOL HYDROCHLORIDE ETHAMBUTOL CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM DOCUSATE SODIUM HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED POLYSORBATE 80 POVIDONE K30 SILICON DIOXIDE STARCH, CORN STEARIC ACID SUCROSE TITANIUM DIOXIDE VP;1;4"],"dosage_and_administration_table":["
15 mg/kg (7 mg/lb) Schedule
Weight RangePounds
Kilograms
Daily DoseIn mg
Under 85 lbs.
Under 37 kg
500
85 - 94.5
37 - 43
600
95 - 109.5
43 - 50
700
110 - 124.5
50 - 57
800
125 - 139.5
57 - 64
900
140 - 154.5
64 - 71
1000
155 - 169.5
71 - 79
1100
170 - 184.5
79 - 84
1200
185 - 199.5
84 - 90
1300
200 - 214.5
90 - 97
1400
215 and Over
Over 97
1500
","
25 mg/kg (11 mg/lb) Schedule
Under 85 lbs.
Under 38 kg
900
85 - 92.5
38 - 42
1000
92.5 - 101.5
42 - 45.5
1100
102 - 109.5
45.5 - 50
1200
110 - 118.5
50 - 54
1300
119 - 128.5
54 - 58
1400
129 - 136.5
58 - 62
1500
137 - 146.5
62 - 67
1600
147 - 155.5
67 - 71
1700
156 - 164.5
71 - 75
1800
165 - 173.5
75 - 79
1900
174 - 182.5
79 - 83
2000
183 - 191.5
83 - 87
2100
192 - 199.5
87 - 91
2200
200 - 209.5
91 - 95
2300
210 - 218.5
95 - 99
2400
219 and Over
Over 99
2500
"],"animal_pharmacology_and_or_toxicology":["ANIMAL PHPARMACOLOGY Toxicological studies in dogs on high prolonged doses produced evidence of myocardial damage and failure, and depigmentation of the tapetum lucidum of the eyes, the significance of which is not known. Degenerative changes in the central nervous system, apparently not dose-related, have also been noted in dogs receiving ethambutol hydrochloride over a prolonged period. In the rhesus monkey, neurological signs appeared after treatment with high doses given daily over a period of several months. These were correlated with specific serum levels of ethambutol and with definite neuroanatomical changes in the central nervous system. Focal interstitial carditis was also noted in monkeys which received ethambutol hydrochloride in high doses for a prolonged period."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PACKAGE/LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL – 100 mg 100ct 100mg-100ct","PACKAGE/LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL – 400 mg 100ct 400mg-100ct"]},"tags":[{"label":"Antimycobacterial","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Cytochrome P450 3A4","category":"target"},{"label":"CYP3A4","category":"gene"},{"label":"HTR2A","category":"gene"},{"label":"HTR2C","category":"gene"},{"label":"J04AK02","category":"atc"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Tablet","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Mature","category":"status"},{"label":"Acute tuberculosis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Pulmonary tuberculosis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Kanchan Hlthcare","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1960s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Infective Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antitubercular Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"PRODUCT USE IN UNAPPROVED INDICATION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"182 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"PYREXIA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"160 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"NAUSEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"123 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"VOMITING","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"119 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INTERACTION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"113 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DIARRHOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"88 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INTOLERANCE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"88 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"COUGH","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"87 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DYSPNOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"87 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION SYNDROME","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"86 reports"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Visual acuity decrease","drugRate":"≥20%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Gastrointestinal upset","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Abdominal pain","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Fever","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Malaise","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Dizziness","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Mental confusion","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Disorientation","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Possible hallucinations","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Numbness","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Tingling","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Anorexia","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Pruritus","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Joint pain","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Dermatitis","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Anaphylactoid reactions","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Elevated serum uric acid levels","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Pulmonary infiltrates","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Eosinophilia","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Transient impairment of liver function","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Peripheral neuritis","drugRate":"infrequently","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Acute gout","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"}],"contraindications":["Bilateral cataracts","Diabetic retinopathy","Gout","Kidney disease","Optic neuritis"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. There are reports of ophthalmic abnormalities occurring in infants born to women on antituberculous therapy that included ethambutol hydrochloride tablets. Ethambutol hydrochloride tablets should be used during pregnancy, only if the benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.Ethambutol hydrochloride has been shown to be teratogenic in pregnant mice and rabbits when given in doses 2 to 4 times the human dose.","Geriatric use":"There are limited data on the use of ethambutol in the elderly. One study of 101 patients, 65 years and older, on multiple drug antituberculosis regimens included 94 patients on ethambutol. No differences in safety or tolerability were observed in these patients compared with that reported in adults in general. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals may be found.","Paediatric use":"MYAMBUTOL (ethambutol hydrochloride) is not recommended for use in pediatric patients under thirteen years of age since safe conditions for use have not been established."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Kanchan Hlthcare","patents":[],"pricing":[{"market":"United States","source":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","asOfDate":"2024-01-03","unitCost":"$0.6526/EA","priceType":"NADAC","sourceUrl":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","annualCost":"$238","description":"ETHAMBUTOL HCL 400 MG TABLET","retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ETHAMBUTOL","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:44.629937+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutol","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:52.928024+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:51.275866+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:43.226062+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ETHAMBUTOL","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:52.337278+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:41.322022+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:41.322381+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:53.880252+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL44884/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:52.809055+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA075095","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:41.322395+00:00"}},"allNames":"myambutol","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["ethambutol","etambutol","diambutol","(S,S)-Ethambutol","ethambutol hydrochloride","ethambutol dihydrochloride","ethambutol HCl"],"timeline":[{"date":"1967-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from STI PHARMA LLC to Kanchan Hlthcare"},{"date":"1967-11-06","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Sti Pharma Llc)"},{"date":"2009-06-17","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 3 manufacturers approved"}],"aiSummary":"Myambutol (ETHAMBUTOL) is a small molecule antimycobacterial drug originally developed by STI Pharma LLC and currently owned by Kanchan Hlthcare. It targets the Cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme and is used to treat acute and pulmonary tuberculosis. Myambutol was FDA approved in 1967 and is now off-patent, with multiple generic manufacturers available. It has a half-life of 3.1 hours and bioavailability of 77%. Key safety considerations include the risk of optic neuritis, particularly at higher doses.","approvals":[{"date":"1967-11-06","orphan":false,"company":"STI PHARMA LLC","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Myambutol","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Acute tuberculosis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"aminosalicylic acid","slug":"aminosalicylic-acid","company":"Consolidated Midland"},{"name":"capreomycin","slug":"capreomycin","company":"Akorn"},{"name":"cycloserine","slug":"cycloserine","company":"Purdue Gmp"},{"name":"ethionamide","slug":"ethionamide","company":"Wyeth Pharms Inc"}],"globalPrevalence":1280000},{"indication":"Pulmonary tuberculosis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"aminosalicylic acid","slug":"aminosalicylic-acid","company":"Consolidated Midland"},{"name":"bedaquiline","slug":"bedaquiline","company":"Janssen Therap"},{"name":"capreomycin","slug":"capreomycin","company":"Akorn"},{"name":"cycloserine","slug":"cycloserine","company":"Purdue Gmp"}],"globalPrevalence":1280000}],"mechanism":{"target":"Cytochrome P450 3A4","novelty":"First-in-class","targets":[{"gene":"CYP3A4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Cytochrome P450 3A4","protein":"Cytochrome P450 3A4"},{"gene":"HTR2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A"},{"gene":"HTR2C","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C"},{"gene":"HTR2B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B"},{"gene":"CYP3A5","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Cytochrome P450 3A5","protein":"Cytochrome P450 3A5"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Antimycobacterial","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Myambutol inhibits the enzyme arabinosyl transferase, which is involved in the synthesis of mycolic acid, a key component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutol","title":"Ethambutol","extract":"Ethambutol is a medication primarily used to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis medications, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. It may also be used to treat Mycobacterium avium complex, and Mycobacterium kansasii. It is taken by mouth."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1967","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1967-11-06, STI PHARMA LLC)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1073","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ETHAMBUTOL","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ETHAMBUTOL","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethambutol","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T11:15:36.898439","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T02:08:58.367013+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"pyrazinamide","drugSlug":"pyrazinamide","fdaApproval":"1971-06-03","genericCount":3,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"bedaquiline","drugSlug":"bedaquiline","fdaApproval":"2012-12-28","patentExpiry":"Mar 19, 2029","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"pretomanid","drugSlug":"pretomanid","fdaApproval":"2019-08-14","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","name":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","fields":["pricing"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"ethambutol","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Acute tuberculosis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":25629007,"regulator":"FDA","usPrevalence":null,"globalPrevalence":1280000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"Orphanet (European Medicines Agency 2018[INST])"},{"name":"Pulmonary tuberculosis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":154283005,"regulator":"FDA","usPrevalence":null,"globalPrevalence":1280000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"Orphanet (European Medicines Agency 2018[INST])"}],"offLabel":[{"name":"Atypical mycobacterial infection","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"ETHAMBUTOL","evidenceCount":1009,"evidenceLevel":"strong"},{"name":"Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"ETHAMBUTOL","evidenceCount":321,"evidenceLevel":"strong"},{"name":"Tuberculosis of meninges","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"ETHAMBUTOL","evidenceCount":150,"evidenceLevel":"strong"}],"pipeline":[]},"currentOwner":"Kanchan Hlthcare","drugCategory":"mature","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"pyrazinamide","brandName":"pyrazinamide","genericName":"pyrazinamide","approvalYear":"1971","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"bedaquiline","brandName":"bedaquiline","genericName":"bedaquiline","approvalYear":"2012","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"pretomanid","brandName":"pretomanid","genericName":"pretomanid","approvalYear":"2019","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT04930744","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Safety and Tolerability of Metformin in People With Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Massachusetts, Worcester","startDate":"2021-08-26","conditions":["Tuberculosis","Pulmonary Tuberculosis","HIV Coinfection"],"enrollment":112,"completionDate":"2025-08-15"},{"nctId":"NCT06253715","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Shortened Regimen for Drug-susceptible TB 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