{"id":"eptifibatide","rwe":[],"_fda":{"id":"944b269c-d810-411d-9ed4-8edd9d0ac1b7","set_id":"00ad7bbe-cadd-4647-b74b-adfc9f2b5e94","openfda":{"nui":["N0000008832","N0000175578"],"upc":["0355150220991","0355150219100"],"unii":["NA8320J834"],"route":["INTRAVENOUS"],"rxcui":["200349","1736470","1736477"],"spl_id":["944b269c-d810-411d-9ed4-8edd9d0ac1b7"],"brand_name":["Eptifibatide"],"spl_set_id":["00ad7bbe-cadd-4647-b74b-adfc9f2b5e94"],"package_ndc":["55150-218-99","55150-219-10","55150-220-99"],"product_ndc":["55150-218","55150-219","55150-220"],"generic_name":["EPTIFIBATIDE"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"pharm_class_pe":["Decreased Platelet Aggregation [PE]"],"substance_name":["EPTIFIBATIDE"],"pharm_class_epc":["Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor [EPC]"],"manufacturer_name":["Eugia US LLC"],"application_number":["ANDA206127"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"7","pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Available data on eptifibatide use in pregnant women from published literature and the pharmacovigilance database are insufficient to establish a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Untreated myocardial infarction can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus (see Clinical Considerations) . In animal reproduction studies, there was no evidence of adverse developmental effects when eptifibatide was administered intravenously to pregnant rats and rabbits at approximately 4 times the recommended maximum daily human dose. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Myocardial infarction is a medical emergency in pregnancy which can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus if left untreated. Therapy for the pregnant woman should not be withheld because of potential concerns regarding the effects of eptifibatide on the fetus Data Animal Data Embryo-fetal development studies have been performed by continuous intravenous infusion of eptifibatide in pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis at total daily doses of up to 72 mg/kg/day (about 4 times the recommended maximum daily human dose on a body surface area basis) and in pregnant rabbits during the period of organogenesis at total daily doses of up to 36 mg/kg/day (also about 4 times the recommended maximum daily human dose on a body surface area basis). These studies revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to eptifibatide."],"overdosage":["10 OVERDOSAGE There has been only limited experience with overdosage of eptifibatide. There were 8 patients in the IMPACT II study, 9 patients in the PURSUIT study, and no patients in the ESPRIT study who received bolus doses and/or infusion doses more than double those called for in the protocols. None of these patients experienced an intracranial bleed or other major bleeding. Eptifibatide was not lethal to rats, rabbits, or monkeys when administered by continuous intravenous infusion for 90 minutes at a total dose of 45 mg/kg (about 2 to 5 times the recommended maximum daily human dose on a body surface area basis). Symptoms of acute toxicity were loss of righting reflex, dyspnea, ptosis, and decreased muscle tone in rabbits and petechial hemorrhages in the femoral and abdominal areas of monkeys. From in vitro studies, eptifibatide is not extensively bound to plasma proteins and thus may be cleared from plasma by dialysis."],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION Eptifibatide is a cyclic heptapeptide containing 6 amino acids and 1 mercaptopropionyl (des-amino cysteinyl) residue. An interchain disulfide bridge is formed between the cysteine amide and the mercaptopropionyl moieties. Chemically it is N 6 -(aminoiminomethyl)-N 2 -(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-L-lysylglycyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-tryptophyl-L-prolyl-L-cysteinamide, cyclic (1→6)-disulfide. Eptifibatide binds to the platelet receptor glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa of human platelets and inhibits platelet aggregation. The eptifibatide peptide is produced by solution-phase peptide synthesis, and is purified by preparative reverse-phase liquid chromatography and lyophilized. Eptifibatide is a white to off-white powder. The structural formula is: Eptifibatide injection is a clear, colorless, sterile, non-pyrogenic solution free from visible particles for intravenous (I.V.) use with a molecular formula of C 35 H 49 N 11 O 9 S 2 and a molecular weight of 831.96. Each 10 mL vial contains 2 mg/mL of eptifibatide and each 100 mL vial contains either 0.75 mg/mL of eptifibatide or 2 mg/mL of eptifibatide. Each vial of either size also contains 5.25 mg/mL citric acid and sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH to 5.35. Eptifibatide Chemical Structure"],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.1 How Supplied Eptifibatide injection is a clear, colorless, sterile, non-pyrogenic solution free from visible particles and is supplied as follows: 75 mg per 100 mL (0.75 mg / mL) 100 mL Single-Dose Vials, packaged individually NDC 55150-218-99 20 mg per 10 mL (2 mg / mL) 10 mL Single-Dose Vials, packaged individually NDC 55150-219-10 200 mg per 100 mL (2 mg / mL) 100 mL Single-Dose Vials, packaged individually NDC 55150-220-99 16.2 Storage Vials should be stored refrigerated at 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F). Vials may be transferred to room temperature storage* for a period not to exceed 2 months. Upon transfer, vial cartons must be marked by the dispensing pharmacist with a \"DISCARD BY\" date (2 months from the transfer date or the labeled expiration date, whichever comes first). * Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from light until administration. The vial stoppers are not made with natural rubber latex."],"geriatric_use":["8.5 Geriatric Use The PURSUIT and IMPACT II clinical studies enrolled patients up to the age of 94 years (45% were age 65 and over; 12% were age 75 and older). There was no apparent difference in efficacy between older and younger patients treated with eptifibatide. The incidence of bleeding complications was higher in the elderly in both placebo and eptifibatide groups, and the incremental risk of eptifibatide-associated bleeding was greater in the older patients. No dose adjustment was made for elderly patients, but patients over 75 years of age had to weigh at least 50 kg to be enrolled in the PURSUIT study; no such limitation was stipulated in the ESPRIT study [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] ."],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of eptifibatide in pediatric patients have not been studied."],"effective_time":"20240104","clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES Eptifibatide was studied in 3 placebo-controlled, randomized studies. PURSUIT evaluated patients with acute coronary syndromes: UA or NSTEMI. Two other studies, ESPRIT and IMPACT II, evaluated patients about to undergo a PCI. Patients underwent primarily balloon angioplasty in IMPACT II and intracoronary stent placement, with or without angioplasty, in ESPRIT. 14.1 Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome is defined as prolonged (≥10 minutes) symptoms of cardiac ischemia within the previous 24 hours associated with either ST-segment changes (elevations between 0.6 mm and 1 mm or depression >0.5 mm), T-wave inversion (>1 mm), or positive CK-MB. This definition includes \"unstable angina\" and \"NSTEMI\" but excludes MI that is associated with Q waves or greater degrees of ST-segment elevation. PURSUIT (Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Eptifibatide Therapy) PURSUIT was a 726-center, 27-country, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in 10,948 patients presenting with UA or NSTEMI. Patients could be enrolled only if they had experienced cardiac ischemia at rest (≥10 minutes) within the previous 24 hours and had either ST-segment changes (elevations between 0.6 mm and 1 mm or depression >0.5 mm), T-wave inversion (>1 mm), or increased CK-MB. Important exclusion criteria included a history of bleeding diathesis, evidence of abnormal bleeding within the previous 30 days, uncontrolled hypertension, major surgery within the previous 6 weeks, stroke within the previous 30 days, any history of hemorrhagic stroke, serum creatinine >2 mg/dL, dependency on renal dialysis, or platelet count <100,000/mm 3 . Patients were randomized to placebo, to eptifibatide 180 mcg/kg bolus followed by a 2 mcg/kg/min infusion (180/2), or to eptifibatide 180 mcg/kg bolus followed by a 1.3 mcg/kg/min infusion (180/1.3). The infusion was continued for 72 hours, until hospital discharge, or until the time of CABG, whichever occurred first, except that if PCI was performed, the eptifibatide infusion was continued for 24 hours after the procedure, allowing for a duration of infusion up to 96 hours. The lower-infusion-rate arm was stopped after the first interim analysis when the 2 active-treatment arms appeared to have the same incidence of bleeding. Patient age ranged from 20 to 94 (mean 63) years, and 65% were male. The patients were 89% Caucasian, 6% Hispanic, and 5% Black, recruited in the United States and Canada (40%), Western Europe (39%), Eastern Europe (16%), and Latin America (5%). This was a \"real world\" study; each patient was managed according to the usual standards of the investigational site; frequencies of angiography, PCI, and CABG therefore differed widely from site to site and from country to country. Of the patients in PURSUIT, 13% were managed with PCI during drug infusion, of whom 50% received intracoronary stents; 87% were managed medically (without PCI during drug infusion). The majority of patients received aspirin (75 to 325 mg once daily). Heparin was administered intravenously or subcutaneously, at the physician's discretion, most commonly as an intravenous bolus of 5,000 units followed by a continuous infusion of 1,000 units/h. For patients weighing less than 70 kg, the recommended heparin bolus dose was 60 units/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 12 units/kg/h. A target aPTT of 50 to 70 seconds was recommended. A total of 1250 patients underwent PCI within 72 hours after randomization, in which case they received intravenous heparin to maintain an ACT of 300 to 350 seconds. The primary endpoint of the study was the occurrence of death from any cause or new MI (evaluated by a blinded Clinical Endpoints Committee) within 30 days of randomization. Compared to placebo, eptifibatide administered as a 180 mcg/kg bolus followed by a 2 mcg/kg/min infusion significantly (p = 0.042) reduced the incidence of endpoint events (see Table 6). The reduction in the incidence of endpoint events in patients receiving eptifibatide was evident early during treatment, and this reduction was maintained through at least 30 days (see Figure 1). Table 5 also shows the incidence of the components of the primary endpoint, death (whether or not preceded by an MI) and new MI in surviving patients at 30 days. Table 5: Clinical Events in the PURSUIT Study Death or MI Placebo (n = 4739) n (%) Eptifibatide (180 mcg/kg bolus then 2 mcg/kg/min infusion) (n = 4722) n (%) p-value 3 days 359 (7.6%) 279 (5.9%) 0.001 7 days 552 (11.6%) 477 (10.1%) 0.016 30 days Death or MI (primary endpoint) 745 (15.7%) 672 (14.2%) 0.042 Death 177 (3.7%) 165 (3.5%) Nonfatal MI 568 (12%) 507 (10.7%) Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Plot of Time to Death or Myocardial Infarction Within 30 Days of Randomization in the PURSUIT Study Treatment with eptifibatide prior to determination of patient management strategy reduced clinical events regardless of whether patients ultimately underwent diagnostic catheterization, revascularization (i.e., PCI or CABG surgery) or continued to receive medical management alone. Table 6 shows the incidence of death or MI within 72 hours. Table 6: Clinical Events (Death or MI) in the PURSUIT Study Within 72 Hours of Randomization Placebo Eptifibatide (180 mcg/kg bolus then 2 mcg/kg/min infusion) Overall patient population n = 4739 n = 4722 – At 72 hours 7.6% 5.9% Patients undergoing early PCI n = 631 n = 619 – Pre-procedure (nonfatal MI only) 5.5% 1.8% – At 72 hours 14.4% 9% Patients not undergoing early PCI n = 4108 n = 4103 – At 72 hours 6.5% 5.4% All of the effect of eptifibatide was established within 72 hours (during the period of drug infusion), regardless of management strategy. Moreover, for patients undergoing early PCI, a reduction in events was evident prior to the procedure. An analysis of the results by sex suggests that women who would not routinely be expected to undergo PCI receive less benefit from eptifibatide (95% confidence limits for relative risk of 0.94 to 1.28) than do men (0.72 to 0.9). This difference may be a true treatment difference, the effect of other differences in these subgroups, or a statistical anomaly. No differential outcomes were seen between male and female patients undergoing PCI (see results for ESPRIT) . Follow-up data were available through 165 days for 10,611 patients enrolled in the PURSUIT trial (96.9% of the initial enrollment). This follow-up included 4566 patients who received eptifibatide at the 180/2 dose. As reported by the investigators, the occurrence of death from any cause or new MI for patients followed for at least 165 days was reduced from 13.6% with placebo to 12.1% with eptifibatide 180/2. Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Plot of Time to Death or Myocardial Infarction Within 30 Days of Randomization in the PURSUIT Study 14.2 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) IMPACT II (Eptifibatide to Minimize Platelet Aggregation and Prevent Coronary Thrombosis II) IMPACT II was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted in the United States in 4010 patients undergoing PCI. Major exclusion criteria included a history of bleeding diathesis, major surgery within 6 weeks of treatment, gastrointestinal bleeding within 30 days, any stroke or structural CNS abnormality, uncontrolled hypertension, PT >1.2 times control, hematocrit <30%, platelet count <100,000/mm3, and pregnancy. Patient age ranged from 24 to 89 (mean 60) years, and 75% were male. The patients were 92% Caucasian, 5% Black, and 3% Hispanic. Forty-one percent of the patients underwent PCI for ongoing ACS. Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment regimens, each incorporating a bolus dose initiated immediately prior to PCI followed by a continuous infusion lasting 20 to 24 hours: 1) 135 mcg/kg bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5 mcg/kg/min of eptifibatide (135/0.5); 2) 135 mcg/kg bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 0.75 mcg/kg/min of eptifibatide (135/0.75); or 3) a matching placebo bolus followed by a matching placebo continuous infusion. Each patient received aspirin and an intravenous heparin bolus of 100 units/kg, with additional bolus infusions of up to 2,000 additional units of heparin every 15 minutes to maintain an ACT of 300 to 350 seconds. The primary endpoint was the composite of death, MI, or urgent revascularization, analyzed at 30 days after randomization in all patients who received at least 1 dose of study drug. As shown in Table 7, each eptifibatide regimen reduced the rate of death, MI, or urgent intervention, although at 30 days, this finding was statistically significant only in the lower-dose eptifibatide group. As in the PURSUIT study, the effects of eptifibatide were seen early and persisted throughout the 30-day period. Table 7: Clinical Events in the IMPACT II Study *Kaplan-Meier estimate of event rate. Placebo n (%) Eptifibatide (135 mcg/kg bolus then 0.5 mcg/kg/min infusion) n (%) Eptifibatide (135 mcg/kg bolus then 0.75 mcg/kg/min infusion) n (%) Patients 1285 1300 1286 Abrupt Closure 65 (5.1%) 36 (2.8%) 43 (3.3%) p-value versus placebo 0.003 0.03 Death, MI, or Urgent Intervention 24 hours 123 (9.6%) 86 (6.6%) 89 (6.9%) p-value versus placebo 0.006 0.014 48 hours 131 (10.2%) 99 (7.6%) 102 (7.9%) p-value versus placebo 0.021 0.045 30 days (primary endpoint) 149 (11.6%) 118 (9.1%) 128 (10%) p-value versus placebo 0.035 0.179 Death or MI 30 days 110 (8.6%) 89 (6.8%) 95 (7.4%) p-value versus placebo 0.102 0.272 6 months 151 (11.9%) * 136 (10.6%) * 130 (10.3%) * p-value versus placebo 0.297 0.182 ESPRIT (Enhanced Suppression of the Platelet IIb/IIIa Receptor with Eptifibatide Therapy) The ESPRIT study was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted in the United States and Canada that enrolled 2064 patients undergoing elective or urgent PCI with intended intracoronary stent placement. Exclusion criteria included MI within the previous 24 hours, ongoing chest pain, administration of any oral antiplatelet or oral anticoagulant other than aspirin within 30 days of PCI (although loading doses of thienopyridine on the day of PCI were encouraged), planned PCI of a saphenous vein graft or subsequent \"staged\" PCI, prior stent placement in the target lesion, PCI within the previous 90 days, a history of bleeding diathesis, major surgery within 6 weeks of treatment, gastrointestinal bleeding within 30 days, any stroke or structural CNS abnormality, uncontrolled hypertension, PT >1.2 times control, hematocrit <30%, platelet count <100,000/mm 3 , and pregnancy. Patient age ranged from 24 to 93 (mean 62) years, and 73% of patients were male. The study enrolled 90% Caucasian, 5% African American, 2% Hispanic, and 1% Asian patients. Patients received a wide variety of stents. Patients were randomized either to placebo or eptifibatide administered as an intravenous bolus of 180 mcg/kg followed immediately by a continuous infusion of 2 mcg/kg/min, and a second bolus of 180 mcg/kg administered 10 minutes later (180/2/180). Eptifibatide infusion was continued for 18 to 24 hours after PCI or until hospital discharge, whichever came first. Each patient received at least 1 dose of aspirin (162 to 325 mg) and 60 units/kg of heparin as a bolus (not to exceed 6,000 units) if not already receiving a heparin infusion. Additional boluses of heparin (10 to 40 units/kg) could be administered in order to reach a target ACT between 200 and 300 seconds. The primary endpoint of the ESPRIT study was the composite of death, MI, urgent target vessel revascularization (UTVR), and \"bailout\" to open-label eptifibatide due to a thrombotic complication of PCI (TBO) (e.g., visible thrombus, \"no reflow,\" or abrupt closure) at 48 hours. MI, UTVR, and TBO were evaluated by a blinded Clinical Events Committee. As shown in Table 8, the incidence of the primary endpoint and selected secondary endpoints was significantly reduced in patients who received eptifibatide. A treatment benefit in patients who received eptifibatide was seen by 48 hours and at the end of the 30-day observation period. Table 8: Clinical Events in the ESPRIT Study * Eptifibatide was administered as 180 mcg/kg boluses at times 0 and 10 minutes and an infusion at 2 mcg/kg/min. Placebo (n = 1024) Eptifibatide* (n = 1040) Relative Risk (95% CI) p-value Death, MI, UTVR, or Thrombotic “Bailout” 48 hours (primary endpoint) 108 (10.5%) 69 (6.6%) 0.629 (0.471, 0.84) 0.0015 30 days 120 (11.7%) 78 (7.5%) 0.64 (0.488, 0.84) 0.0011 Death, MI, or UTVR 48 hours 95 (9.3%) 62 (6%) 0.643 (0.472, 0.875) 0.0045 30 days (key secondary endpoint) 107 (10.4%) 71 (6.8%) 0.653 (0.49, 0.871) 0.0034 Death or MI 48 hours 94 (9.2%) 57 (5.5%) 0.597 (0.435, 0.82) 0.0013 30 days 104 (10.2%) 66 (6.3%) 0.625 (0.465, 0.84) 0.0016 The need for thrombotic \"bailout\" was significantly reduced with eptifibatide at 48 hours (2.1% for placebo, 1% for eptifibatide; p = 0.029). Consistent with previous studies of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, most of the benefit achieved acutely with eptifibatide was in the reduction of MI. Eptifibatide reduced the occurrence of MI at 48 hours from 9% for placebo to 5.4% (p = 0.0015) and maintained that effect with significance at 30 days. There was no treatment difference with respect to sex in ESPRIT. Eptifibatide reduced the incidence of the primary endpoint in both men (95% confidence limits for relative risk: 0.54, 1.07) and women (0.24, 0.72) at 48 hours. Follow-up (12-month) mortality data were available for 2024 patients (1017 on eptifibatide) enrolled in the ESPRIT trial (98.1% of the initial enrollment). Twelve-month clinical event data were available for 1964 patients (988 on eptifibatide), representing 95.2% of the initial enrollment. As shown in Table 9, the treatment effect of eptifibatide seen at 48 hours and 30 days appeared preserved at 6 months and 1 year. Most of the benefit was in reduction of MI. Table 9: Clinical Events at 6 Months and 1 Year in the ESPRIT Study Percentages are Kaplan-Meier event rates. Placebo (n = 1024) Eptifibatide (n = 1040) Hazard Ratio (95% CI) Death, MI, or Target Vessel Revascularization 6 months 187 (18.5%) 146 (14.3%) 0.744 (0.599, 0.924) 1 year 222 (22.1%) 178 (17.5%) 0.762 (0.626, 0.929) Death, MI 6 months 117 (11.5%) 77 (7.4%) 0.631 (0.473, 0.841) 1 year 126 (12.4%) 83 (8%) 0.63 (0.478, 0.832)"],"pharmacodynamics":["12.2 Pharmacodynamics Infusion of eptifibatide into baboons caused a dose-dependent inhibition of ex vivo platelet aggregation, with complete inhibition of aggregation achieved at infusion rates greater than 5 mcg/kg/min. In a baboon model that is refractory to aspirin and heparin, doses of eptifibatide that inhibit aggregation prevented acute thrombosis with only a modest prolongation (2- to 3-fold) of the bleeding time. Platelet aggregation in dogs was also inhibited by infusions of eptifibatide, with complete inhibition at 2 mcg/kg/min. This infusion dose completely inhibited canine coronary thrombosis induced by coronary artery injury (Folts model). Human pharmacodynamic data were obtained in healthy subjects and in patients presenting with UA or NSTEMI and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Studies in healthy subjects enrolled only males; patient studies enrolled approximately one-third women. In these studies, eptifibatide inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and other agonists in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. The effect of eptifibatide was observed immediately after administration of a 180 mcg/kg intravenous bolus. Table 4 shows the effects of dosing regimens of eptifibatide used in the IMPACT II and PURSUIT studies on ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by 20 µM ADP in PPACK-anticoagulated platelet-rich plasma and on bleeding time. The effects of the dosing regimen used in ESPRIT on platelet aggregation have not been studied. Table 4: Platelet Inhibition and Bleeding Time * 180 mcg/kg bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 2 mcg/kg/min. PURSUIT 180/2 * Inhibition of platelet aggregation 15 min after bolus 84% Inhibition of platelet aggregation at steady state >90% Bleeding-time prolongation at steady state <5x Inhibition of platelet aggregation 4h after infusion discontinuation <50% Bleeding-time prolongation 6h after infusion discontinuation 1.4x The eptifibatide dosing regimen used in the ESPRIT study included two 180 mcg/kg bolus doses given 10 minutes apart combined with a continuous 2 mcg/kg/min infusion. When administered alone, eptifibatide has no measurable effect on PT or aPTT. There were no important differences between men and women or between age groups in the pharmacodynamic properties of eptifibatide. Differences among ethnic groups have not been assessed."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of eptifibatide are linear and dose-proportional for bolus doses ranging from 90 to 250 mcg/kg and infusion rates from 0.5 to 3 mcg/kg/min. Plasma elimination half-life is approximately 2.5 hours. Administration of a single 180 mcg/kg bolus combined with an infusion produces an early peak level, followed by a small decline prior to attaining steady state (within 4 to 6 hours). This decline can be prevented by administering a second 180 mcg/kg bolus 10 minutes after the first. The extent of eptifibatide binding to human plasma protein is about 25%. Clearance in patients with coronary artery disease is about 55 mL/kg/h. In healthy subjects, renal clearance accounts for approximately 50% of total body clearance, with the majority of the drug excreted in the urine as eptifibatide, deaminated eptifibatide, and other, more polar metabolites. No major metabolites have been detected in human plasma. Special Populations Geriatric Patients in clinical studies were older (range: 20 to 94 years) than those in the clinical pharmacology studies. Elderly patients with coronary artery disease demonstrated higher plasma levels and lower total body clearance of eptifibatide when given the same dose as younger patients. Limited data are available on lighter weight (<50 kg) patients over 75 years of age. Renal Impairment In patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency (CrCl <50 mL/min using the Cockcroft-Gault equation), the clearance of eptifibatide is reduced by approximately 50% and steady-state plasma levels approximately doubled [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Dosage and Administration (2) ] . Hepatic Impairment No studies have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment. Gender Males and females have not demonstrated any clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of eptifibatide."],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following serious adverse reaction is also discussed elsewhere in the labeling: Bleeding [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Bleeding and hypotension are the most commonly reported adverse reactions. (6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Eugia US LLC at 1-866-850-2876 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. A total of 16,782 patients were treated in the Phase III clinical trials (PURSUIT, ESPRIT, and IMPACT II) [see Clinical Studies (14) ] . These 16,782 patients had a mean age of 62 years (range: 20 to 94 years). Eighty-nine percent of the patients were Caucasian, with the remainder being predominantly Black (5%) and Hispanic (5%). Sixty-eight percent were men. Because of the different regimens used in PURSUIT, IMPACT II, and ESPRIT, data from the 3 studies were not pooled. Bleeding and hypotension were the most commonly reported adverse reactions (incidence ≥5% and greater than placebo) in the eptifibatide controlled clinical trial database. Bleeding The incidence of bleeding and transfusions in the PURSUIT and ESPRIT studies are shown in Table 2. Bleeding was classified as major or minor by the criteria of the TIMI study group. Major bleeding consisted of intracranial hemorrhage and other bleeding that led to decreases in hemoglobin greater than 5 g/dL. Minor bleeding included spontaneous gross hematuria, spontaneous hematemesis, other observed blood loss with a hemoglobin decrease of more than 3 g/dL, and other hemoglobin decreases that were greater than 4 g/dL but less than 5 g/dL. In patients who received transfusions, the corresponding loss in hemoglobin was estimated through an adaptation of the method of Landefeld et al. Table 2: Bleeding and Transfusions in the PURSUIT and ESPRIT Studies Note: Denominator is based on patients for whom data are available. * For major and minor bleeding, patients are counted only once according to the most severe classification. † Includes transfusions of whole blood, packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, platelets, and autotransfusion during the initial hospitalization. PURSUIT (ACS) Placebo n (%) Eptifibatide 180/2 n (%) Patients 4696 4679 Major bleeding * 425 (9.3%) 498 (10.8%) Minor bleeding * 347 (7.6%) 604 (13.1%) Requiring transfusions † 490 (10.4%) 601 (12.8%) ESPRIT (PCI) Placebo n (%) Eptifibatide 180/2/180 n (%) Patients 1024 1040 Major bleeding * 4 (0.4%) 13 (1.3%) Minor bleeding * 18 (2%) 29 (3%) Requiring transfusions † 11 (1.1%) 16 (1.5%) The majority of major bleeding reactions in the ESPRIT study occurred at the vascular access site (1 and 8 patients, or 0.1% and 0.8% in the placebo and eptifibatide groups, respectively). Bleeding at “other” locations occurred in 0.2% and 0.4% of patients, respectively. In the PURSUIT study, the greatest increase in major bleeding in eptifibatide-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients was also associated with bleeding at the femoral artery access site (2.8% versus 1.3%). Oropharyngeal (primarily gingival), genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and retroperitoneal bleeding were also seen more commonly in eptifibatide-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients. Among patients experiencing a major bleed in the IMPACT II study, an increase in bleeding on eptifibatide versus placebo was observed only for the femoral artery access site (3.2% versus 2.8%). Table 3 displays the incidence of TIMI major bleeding according to the cardiac procedures carried out in the PURSUIT study. The most common bleeding complications were related to cardiac revascularization (CABG-related or femoral artery access site bleeding). A corresponding table for ESPRIT is not presented, as every patient underwent PCI in the ESPRIT study and only 11 patients underwent CABG. Table 3: Major Bleeding by Procedures in the PURSUIT Study Note: Denominators are based on the total number of patients whose TIMI classification was resolved. Placebo n (%) Eptifibatide 180/2 n (%) Patients 4577 4604 Overall incidence of major bleeding 425 (9.3%) 498 (10.8%) Breakdown by procedure: CABG 375 (8.2%) 377 (8.2%) Angioplasty without CABG 27 (0.6%) 64 (1.4%) Angiography without angioplasty or CABG 11 (0.2%) 29 (0.6%) Medical therapy only 12 (0.3%) 28 (0.6%) In the PURSUIT and ESPRIT studies, the risk of major bleeding with eptifibatide increased as patient weight decreased. This relationship was most apparent for patients weighing less than 70 kg. Bleeding resulting in discontinuation of the study drug was more frequent among patients receiving eptifibatide than placebo (4.6% versus 0.9% in ESPRIT, 8% versus 1% in PURSUIT, 3.5% versus 1.9% in IMPACT II). Intracranial Hemorrhage and Stroke Intracranial hemorrhage was rare in the PURSUIT, IMPACT II, and ESPRIT clinical studies. In the PURSUIT study, 3 patients in the placebo group, 1 patient in the group treated with eptifibatide 180/1.3, and 5 patients in the group treated with eptifibatide 180/2 experienced a hemorrhagic stroke. The overall incidence of stroke was 0.5% in patients receiving eptifibatide 180/1.3, 0.7% in patients receiving eptifibatide 180/2, and 0.8% in placebo patients. In the IMPACT II study, intracranial hemorrhage was experienced by 1 patient treated with eptifibatide 135/0.5, 2 patients treated with eptifibatide 135/0.75, and 2 patients in the placebo group. The overall incidence of stroke was 0.5% in patients receiving 135/0.5 eptifibatide, 0.7% in patients receiving eptifibatide 135/0.75, and 0.7% in the placebo group. In the ESPRIT study, there were 3 hemorrhagic strokes, 1 in the placebo group and 2 in the eptifibatide group. In addition there was 1 case of cerebral infarction in the eptifibatide group. Immunogenicity/Thrombocytopenia The potential for development of antibodies to eptifibatide has been studied in 433 subjects. Eptifibatide was nonantigenic in 412 patients receiving a single administration of eptifibatide (135 mcg/kg bolus followed by a continuous infusion of either 0.5 mcg/kg/min or 0.75 mcg/kg/min), and in 21 subjects to whom eptifibatide (135 mcg/kg bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 0.75 mcg/kg/min) was administered twice, 28 days apart. In both cases, plasma for antibody detection was collected approximately 30 days after each dose. The development of antibodies to eptifibatide at higher doses has not been evaluated. In patients with suspected eptifibatide-related immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, IgG antibodies that react with the GP IIb/IIIa complex were identified in the presence of eptifibatide and in eptifibatide-naïve patients. These findings suggest acute thrombocytopenia after the administration of eptifibatide can develop as a result of naturally occurring drug-dependent antibodies or those induced by prior exposure to eptifibatide. Similar antibodies were identified with other GP IIb/IIIa ligand-mimetic agents. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia with eptifibatide may be associated with hypotension and/or other signs of hypersensitivity. In the PURSUIT and IMPACT II studies, the incidence of thrombocytopenia (<100,000/mm 3 or ≥50% reduction from baseline) and the incidence of platelet transfusions were similar between patients treated with eptifibatide and placebo. In the ESPRIT study, the incidence was 0.6% in the placebo group and 1.2% in the eptifibatide group. Other Adverse Reactions In the PURSUIT and ESPRIT studies, the incidence of serious nonbleeding adverse reactions was similar in patients receiving placebo or eptifibatide (19% and 19%, respectively, in PURSUIT; 6% and 7%, respectively, in ESPRIT). In PURSUIT, the only serious nonbleeding adverse reaction that occurred at a rate of at least 1% and was more common with eptifibatide than placebo (7% versus 6%) was hypotension. Most of the serious nonbleeding adverse reactions consisted of cardiovascular reactions typical of a UA population. In the IMPACT II study, serious nonbleeding adverse reactions that occurred in greater than 1% of patients were uncommon and similar in incidence between placebo- and eptifibatide-treated patients. Discontinuation of study drug due to adverse reactions other than bleeding was uncommon in the PURSUIT, IMPACT II, and ESPRIT studies, with no single reaction occurring in >0.5% of the study population (except for \"other\" in the ESPRIT study). 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been reported in post-approval use of eptifibatide in combination with heparin and aspirin. Because the reactions below are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is generally not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure: cerebral, GI, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Fatal bleeding reactions have been reported. Acute profound thrombocytopenia, as well as immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, have been reported [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] ."],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Treatment with eptifibatide injection is contraindicated in patients with: A history of bleeding diathesis, or evidence of active abnormal bleeding within the previous 30 days Severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure >200 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure >110 mm Hg) not adequately controlled on antihypertensive therapy Major surgery within the preceding 6 weeks History of stroke within 30 days or any history of hemorrhagic stroke Current or planned administration of another parenteral GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor Dependency on renal dialysis Hypersensitivity to eptifibatide injection or any component of the product (hypersensitivity reactions that occurred included anaphylaxis and urticaria) Bleeding diathesis or bleeding within the previous 30 days (4) Severe uncontrolled hypertension (4) Major surgery within the preceding 6 weeks (4) Stroke within 30 days or any history of hemorrhagic stroke (4) Coadministration of another parenteral GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (4) Dependency on renal dialysis (4) Known hypersensitivity to any component of the product (4)"],"drug_interactions":["7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Coadministration of antiplatelet agents, thrombolytics, heparin, aspirin, and chronic NSAID use increases the risk of bleeding. Avoid concomitant use with other glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors. (7.1) 7.1 Use of Thrombolytics, Anticoagulants, and Other Antiplatelet Agents Coadministration of antiplatelet agents, thrombolytics, heparin, aspirin, and chronic NSAID use increases the risk of bleeding. Concomitant treatment with other inhibitors of platelet receptor GP IIb/IIIa should be avoided."],"labor_and_delivery":["8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There are no available data on the presence of eptifibatide in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. As eptifibatide is a peptide, it is likely to be destroyed in the infant’s gastrointestinal tract and not absorbed orally by the breastfed infant."],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action Eptifibatide reversibly inhibits platelet aggregation by preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive ligands to GP IIb/IIIa. When administered intravenously, eptifibatide inhibits ex vivo platelet aggregation in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. Platelet aggregation inhibition is reversible following cessation of the eptifibatide infusion; this is thought to result from dissociation of eptifibatide from the platelet."],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Eptifibatide reversibly inhibits platelet aggregation by preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive ligands to GP IIb/IIIa. When administered intravenously, eptifibatide inhibits ex vivo platelet aggregation in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. Platelet aggregation inhibition is reversible following cessation of the eptifibatide infusion; this is thought to result from dissociation of eptifibatide from the platelet. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Infusion of eptifibatide into baboons caused a dose-dependent inhibition of ex vivo platelet aggregation, with complete inhibition of aggregation achieved at infusion rates greater than 5 mcg/kg/min. In a baboon model that is refractory to aspirin and heparin, doses of eptifibatide that inhibit aggregation prevented acute thrombosis with only a modest prolongation (2- to 3-fold) of the bleeding time. Platelet aggregation in dogs was also inhibited by infusions of eptifibatide, with complete inhibition at 2 mcg/kg/min. This infusion dose completely inhibited canine coronary thrombosis induced by coronary artery injury (Folts model). Human pharmacodynamic data were obtained in healthy subjects and in patients presenting with UA or NSTEMI and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Studies in healthy subjects enrolled only males; patient studies enrolled approximately one-third women. In these studies, eptifibatide inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and other agonists in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. The effect of eptifibatide was observed immediately after administration of a 180 mcg/kg intravenous bolus. Table 4 shows the effects of dosing regimens of eptifibatide used in the IMPACT II and PURSUIT studies on ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by 20 µM ADP in PPACK-anticoagulated platelet-rich plasma and on bleeding time. The effects of the dosing regimen used in ESPRIT on platelet aggregation have not been studied. Table 4: Platelet Inhibition and Bleeding Time * 180 mcg/kg bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 2 mcg/kg/min. PURSUIT 180/2 * Inhibition of platelet aggregation 15 min after bolus 84% Inhibition of platelet aggregation at steady state >90% Bleeding-time prolongation at steady state <5x Inhibition of platelet aggregation 4h after infusion discontinuation <50% Bleeding-time prolongation 6h after infusion discontinuation 1.4x The eptifibatide dosing regimen used in the ESPRIT study included two 180 mcg/kg bolus doses given 10 minutes apart combined with a continuous 2 mcg/kg/min infusion. When administered alone, eptifibatide has no measurable effect on PT or aPTT. There were no important differences between men and women or between age groups in the pharmacodynamic properties of eptifibatide. Differences among ethnic groups have not been assessed. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of eptifibatide are linear and dose-proportional for bolus doses ranging from 90 to 250 mcg/kg and infusion rates from 0.5 to 3 mcg/kg/min. Plasma elimination half-life is approximately 2.5 hours. Administration of a single 180 mcg/kg bolus combined with an infusion produces an early peak level, followed by a small decline prior to attaining steady state (within 4 to 6 hours). This decline can be prevented by administering a second 180 mcg/kg bolus 10 minutes after the first. The extent of eptifibatide binding to human plasma protein is about 25%. Clearance in patients with coronary artery disease is about 55 mL/kg/h. In healthy subjects, renal clearance accounts for approximately 50% of total body clearance, with the majority of the drug excreted in the urine as eptifibatide, deaminated eptifibatide, and other, more polar metabolites. No major metabolites have been detected in human plasma. Special Populations Geriatric Patients in clinical studies were older (range: 20 to 94 years) than those in the clinical pharmacology studies. Elderly patients with coronary artery disease demonstrated higher plasma levels and lower total body clearance of eptifibatide when given the same dose as younger patients. Limited data are available on lighter weight (<50 kg) patients over 75 years of age. Renal Impairment In patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency (CrCl <50 mL/min using the Cockcroft-Gault equation), the clearance of eptifibatide is reduced by approximately 50% and steady-state plasma levels approximately doubled [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Dosage and Administration (2) ] . Hepatic Impairment No studies have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment. Gender Males and females have not demonstrated any clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of eptifibatide."],"indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Eptifibatide injection is a platelet aggregation inhibitor indicated for: Treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) managed medically or with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (1.1) Treatment of patients undergoing PCI (including intracoronary stenting) (1.2) 1.1 Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Eptifibatide injection is indicated to decrease the rate of a combined endpoint of death or new myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with ACS (unstable angina [UA]/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]), including patients who are to be managed medically and those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). 1.2 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Eptifibatide injection is indicated to decrease the rate of a combined endpoint of death, new MI, or need for urgent intervention in patients undergoing PCI, including those undergoing intracoronary stenting [see Clinical Studies (14.1, 14.2) ] ."],"warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Eptifibatide can cause serious bleeding. If bleeding cannot be controlled, discontinue eptifibatide immediately. Minimize vascular and other traumas. If heparin is given concomitantly, monitor aPTT or ACT. (5.1) Thrombocytopenia: Discontinue eptifibatide and heparin. Monitor and treat condition appropriately. (5.2) 5.1 Bleeding Bleeding is the most common complication encountered during eptifibatide therapy. Administration of eptifibatide is associated with an increase in major and minor bleeding, as classified by the criteria of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study group (TIMI) [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] . Most major bleeding associated with eptifibatide has been at the arterial access site for cardiac catheterization or from the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract. Minimize the use of arterial and venous punctures, intramuscular injections, and the use of urinary catheters, nasotracheal intubation, and nasogastric tubes. When obtaining intravenous access, avoid non-compressible sites (e.g., subclavian or jugular veins). Use of Thrombolytics, Anticoagulants, and Other Antiplatelet Agents Risk factors for bleeding include older age, a history of bleeding disorders, and concomitant use of drugs that increase the risk of bleeding (thrombolytics, oral anticoagulants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and P2Y 12 inhibitors). Concomitant treatment with other inhibitors of platelet receptor glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa should be avoided. In patients treated with heparin, bleeding can be minimized by close monitoring of the aPTT and ACT [see Dosage and Administration (2) ] . Care of the Femoral Artery Access Site in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) In patients undergoing PCI, treatment with eptifibatide is associated with an increase in major and minor bleeding at the site of arterial sheath placement. After PCI, eptifibatide infusion should be continued until hospital discharge or up to 18 to 24 hours, whichever comes first. Heparin use is discouraged after the PCI procedure. Early sheath removal is encouraged while eptifibatide is being infused. Prior to removing the sheath, it is recommended that heparin be discontinued for 3 to 4 hours and an aPTT of <45 seconds or ACT <150 seconds be achieved. In any case, both heparin and eptifibatide should be discontinued and sheath hemostasis should be achieved at least 2 to 4 hours before hospital discharge. If bleeding at access site cannot be controlled with pressure, infusion of eptifibatide and heparin should be discontinued immediately. 5.2 Thrombocytopenia There have been reports of acute, profound thrombocytopenia (immune-mediated and non-immune mediated) with eptifibatide. In the event of acute profound thrombocytopenia or a confirmed platelet decrease to <100,000/mm 3 , discontinue eptifibatide and heparin (unfractionated or low-molecular weight). Monitor serial platelet counts, assess the presence of drug-dependent antibodies, and treat as appropriate [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] . There has been no clinical experience with eptifibatide initiated in patients with a baseline platelet count <100,000/mm 3 . If a patient with low platelet counts is receiving eptifibatide, their platelet count should be monitored closely."],"clinical_studies_table":["
Table 5: Clinical Events in the PURSUIT Study
Death or MI Placebo (n = 4739) n (%) Eptifibatide (180 mcg/kg bolus then 2 mcg/kg/min infusion) (n = 4722) n (%) p-value
3 days 359 (7.6%) 279 (5.9%) 0.001
7 days 552 (11.6%) 477 (10.1%) 0.016
30 days
Death or MI (primary endpoint) 745 (15.7%) 672 (14.2%) 0.042
Death 177 (3.7%) 165 (3.5%)
Nonfatal MI 568 (12%) 507 (10.7%)
","
Table 6: Clinical Events (Death or MI) in the PURSUIT Study Within 72 Hours of Randomization
Placebo Eptifibatide (180 mcg/kg bolus then 2 mcg/kg/min infusion)
Overall patient population n = 4739 n = 4722
– At 72 hours 7.6% 5.9%
Patients undergoing early PCI n = 631 n = 619
– Pre-procedure (nonfatal MI only) 5.5% 1.8%
– At 72 hours 14.4% 9%
Patients not undergoing early PCI n = 4108 n = 4103
– At 72 hours 6.5% 5.4%
","
Table 7: Clinical Events in the IMPACT II Study
*Kaplan-Meier estimate of event rate.
Placebo n (%) Eptifibatide (135 mcg/kg bolus then 0.5 mcg/kg/min infusion) n (%) Eptifibatide (135 mcg/kg bolus then 0.75 mcg/kg/min infusion) n (%)
Patients 1285 1300 1286
Abrupt Closure 65 (5.1%) 36 (2.8%) 43 (3.3%)
p-value versus placebo 0.003 0.03
Death, MI, or Urgent Intervention
24 hours 123 (9.6%) 86 (6.6%) 89 (6.9%)
p-value versus placebo 0.006 0.014
48 hours 131 (10.2%) 99 (7.6%) 102 (7.9%)
p-value versus placebo 0.021 0.045
30 days (primary endpoint) 149 (11.6%) 118 (9.1%) 128 (10%)
p-value versus placebo 0.035 0.179
Death or MI
30 days 110 (8.6%) 89 (6.8%) 95 (7.4%)
p-value versus placebo 0.102 0.272
6 months 151 (11.9%)* 136 (10.6%)* 130 (10.3%)*
p-value versus placebo 0.297 0.182
","
Table 8: Clinical Events in the ESPRIT Study
* Eptifibatide was administered as 180 mcg/kg boluses at times 0 and 10 minutes and an infusion at 2 mcg/kg/min.
Placebo (n = 1024) Eptifibatide* (n = 1040) Relative Risk (95% CI) p-value
Death, MI, UTVR, or Thrombotic “Bailout”
48 hours (primary endpoint) 108 (10.5%) 69 (6.6%) 0.629 (0.471, 0.84) 0.0015
30 days 120 (11.7%) 78 (7.5%) 0.64 (0.488, 0.84) 0.0011
Death, MI, or UTVR
48 hours 95 (9.3%) 62 (6%) 0.643 (0.472, 0.875) 0.0045
30 days (key secondary endpoint) 107 (10.4%) 71 (6.8%) 0.653 (0.49, 0.871) 0.0034
Death or MI
48 hours 94 (9.2%) 57 (5.5%) 0.597 (0.435, 0.82) 0.0013
30 days 104 (10.2%) 66 (6.3%) 0.625 (0.465, 0.84) 0.0016
","
Table 9: Clinical Events at 6 Months and 1 Year in the ESPRIT Study
Percentages are Kaplan-Meier event rates.
Placebo (n = 1024) Eptifibatide (n = 1040) Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
Death, MI, or Target Vessel Revascularization
6 months 187 (18.5%) 146 (14.3%) 0.744 (0.599, 0.924)
1 year 222 (22.1%) 178 (17.5%) 0.762 (0.626, 0.929)
Death, MI
6 months 117 (11.5%) 77 (7.4%) 0.631 (0.473, 0.841)
1 year 126 (12.4%) 83 (8%) 0.63 (0.478, 0.832)
"],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No long-term studies in animals have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of eptifibatide. Eptifibatide was not genotoxic in the Ames test, the mouse lymphoma cell (L 5178Y, TK+/-) forward mutation test, the human lymphocyte chromosome aberration test, or the mouse micronucleus test. Administered by continuous intravenous infusion at total daily doses up to 72 mg/kg/day (about 4 times the recommended maximum daily human dose on a body surface area basis), eptifibatide had no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats."],"pharmacodynamics_table":["
Table 4: Platelet Inhibition and Bleeding Time
*180 mcg/kg bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 2 mcg/kg/min.
PURSUIT 180/2*
Inhibition of platelet aggregation 15 min after bolus 84%
Inhibition of platelet aggregation at steady state >90%
Bleeding-time prolongation at steady state <5x
Inhibition of platelet aggregation 4h after infusion discontinuation <50%
Bleeding-time prolongation 6h after infusion discontinuation 1.4x
"],"adverse_reactions_table":["
Table 2: Bleeding and Transfusions in the PURSUIT and ESPRIT Studies
Note: Denominator is based on patients for whom data are available. * For major and minor bleeding, patients are counted only once according to the most severe classification. † Includes transfusions of whole blood, packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, platelets, and autotransfusion during the initial hospitalization.
PURSUIT (ACS) Placebo n (%) Eptifibatide 180/2 n (%)
Patients 4696 4679
Major bleeding* 425 (9.3%) 498 (10.8%)
Minor bleeding* 347 (7.6%) 604 (13.1%)
Requiring transfusions† 490 (10.4%) 601 (12.8%)
ESPRIT (PCI) Placebo n (%) Eptifibatide 180/2/180 n (%)
Patients 1024 1040
Major bleeding* 4 (0.4%) 13 (1.3%)
Minor bleeding* 18 (2%) 29 (3%)
Requiring transfusions† 11 (1.1%) 16 (1.5%)
","
Table 3: Major Bleeding by Procedures in the PURSUIT Study
Note: Denominators are based on the total number of patients whose TIMI classification was resolved.
Placebo n (%) Eptifibatide 180/2 n (%)
Patients 4577 4604
Overall incidence of major bleeding 425 (9.3%) 498 (10.8%)
Breakdown by procedure:
CABG 375 (8.2%) 377 (8.2%)
Angioplasty without CABG 27 (0.6%) 64 (1.4%)
Angiography without angioplasty or CABG 11 (0.2%) 29 (0.6%)
Medical therapy only 12 (0.3%) 28 (0.6%)
"],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient to inform the doctor or healthcare provider about any medical conditions, medications, and allergies. Distributed by: Eugia US LLC 279 Princeton-Hightstown Rd. E. Windsor, NJ 08520 Manufactured by: Eugia Pharma Specialities Limited Hyderabad - 500032 India"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Before infusion of eptifibatide, the following laboratory tests should be performed to identify pre-existing hemostatic abnormalities: hematocrit or hemoglobin, platelet count, serum creatinine, and PT/aPTT. In patients undergoing PCI, the activated clotting time (ACT) should also be measured. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) should be maintained between 50 and 70 seconds unless PCI is to be performed. In patients treated with heparin, bleeding can be minimized by close monitoring of the aPTT and ACT. ACS or PCI: 180 mcg/kg I.V. bolus as soon as possible after diagnosis followed by infusion at 2 mcg/kg/min. (2.1 , 2.2) PCI: Add a second 180 mcg/kg bolus at 10 minutes. (2.2) In patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min, reduce the infusion to 1 mcg/kg/min. ( 2.1 , 2.2 , 2.3 ) 2.1 Dosage in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Indication Normal Renal Function Creatinine Clearance less than 50 mL/min Patients with ACS 180 mcg/kg intravenous (I.V.) bolus as soon as possible after diagnosis, followed by continuous infusion of 2 mcg/kg/min 180 mcg/kg I.V. bolus as soon as possible after diagnosis, followed by continuous infusion of 1 mcg/kg/min Infusion should continue until hospital discharge or initiation of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), up to 72 hours If a patient is to undergo PCI, the infusion should be continued until hospital discharge or for up to 18 to 24 hours after the procedure, whichever comes first, allowing for up to 96 hours of therapy Aspirin, 160 to 325 mg, should be given daily Eptifibatide injection should be given concomitantly with heparin dosed to achieve the following parameters: During Medical Management : Target aPTT 50 to 70 seconds If weight greater than or equal to 70 kg, 5,000 units bolus followed by infusion of 1,000 units/h. If weight less than 70 kg, 60 units/kg bolus followed by infusion of 12 units/kg/h. During PCI : Target ACT 200 to 300 seconds If heparin is initiated prior to PCI, additional boluses during PCI to maintain an ACT target of 200 to 300 seconds. Heparin infusion after the PCI is discouraged. 2.2 Dosage in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Indication Normal Renal Function Creatinine Clearance less than 50 mL/min Patients with PCI 180 mcg/kg I.V. bolus immediately before PCI followed by continuous infusion of 2 mcg/kg/min and a second bolus of 180 mcg/kg (given 10 minutes after the first bolus) 180 mcg/kg I.V. bolus immediately before PCI followed by continuous infusion of 1 mcg/kg/min and a second bolus of 180 mcg/kg (given 10 minutes after the first bolus) Infusion should be continued until hospital discharge, or for up to 18 to 24 hours, whichever comes first. A minimum of 12 hours of infusion is recommended. In patients who undergo CABG surgery, eptifibatide infusion should be discontinued prior to surgery. Aspirin, 160 to 325 mg, should be given 1 to 24 hours prior to PCI and daily thereafter. Eptifibatide injection should be given concomitantly with heparin to achieve a target ACT of 200 to 300 seconds. Administer 60 units/kg bolus initially in patients not treated with heparin within 6 hours prior to PCI. Additional boluses during PCI to maintain ACT within target. Heparin infusion after the PCI is strongly discouraged. Patients requiring thrombolytic therapy should discontinue eptifibatide injection. 2.3 Important Administration Instructions Inspect eptifibatide injection for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. May administer eptifibatide injection in the same intravenous line as alteplase, atropine, dobutamine, heparin, lidocaine, meperidine, metoprolol, midazolam, morphine, nitroglycerin, or verapamil. Do not administer eptifibatide injection through the same intravenous line as furosemide. May administer eptifibatide injection in the same I.V. line with 0.9% NaCl or 0.9% NaCl/5% dextrose. With either vehicle, the infusion may also contain up to 60 mEq/L of potassium chloride. Withdraw the bolus dose(s) of eptifibatide injection from the 10 mL vial into a syringe. Administer the bolus dose(s) by I.V. push. Immediately following the bolus dose administration, initiate a continuous infusion of eptifibatide. When using an intravenous infusion pump, administer eptifibatide injection undiluted directly from the 100 mL vial. Spike the 100 mL vial with a vented infusion set. Center the spike within the circle on the stopper top. Discard any unused portion left in the vial. Administer eptifibatide injection by volume according to patient weight (see Table 1). Table 1: Eptifibatide Injection Dosing Charts by Weight Patient Weight 180 mcg/kg Bolus Volume 2 mcg/kg/min Infusion Volume (CrCl greater than or equal to 50 mL/min) 1 mcg/kg/min Infusion Volume (CrCl less than 50 mL/min) (kg) (lb) (from 2 mg/mL vial) (from 2 mg/mL 100 mL vial) (from 0.75 mg/mL 100 mL vial) (from 2 mg/mL 100 mL vial) (from 0.75 mg/mL 100 mL vial) 37 to 41 81 to 91 3.4 mL 2 mL/h 6 mL/h 1 mL/h 3 mL/h 42 to 46 92 to 102 4 mL 2.5 mL/h 7 mL/h 1.3 mL/h 3.5 mL/h 47 to 53 103 to 117 4.5 mL 3 mL/h 8 mL/h 1.5 mL/h 4 mL/h 54 to 59 118 to 130 5 mL 3.5 mL/h 9 mL/h 1.8 mL/h 4.5 mL/h 60 to 65 131 to 143 5.6 mL 3.8 mL/h 10 mL/h 1.9 mL/h 5 mL/h 66 to 71 144 to 157 6.2 mL 4 mL/h 11 mL/h 2 mL/h 5.5 mL/h 72 to 78 158 to 172 6.8 mL 4.5 mL/h 12 mL/h 2.3 mL/h 6 mL/h 79 to 84 173 to 185 7.3 mL 5 mL/h 13 mL/h 2.5 mL/h 6.5 mL/h 85 to 90 186 to 198 7.9 mL 5.3 mL/h 14 mL/h 2.7 mL/h 7 mL/h 91 to 96 199 to 212 8.5 mL 5.6 mL/h 15 mL/h 2.8 mL/h 7.5 mL/h 97 to 103 213 to 227 9 mL 6 mL/h 16 mL/h 3 mL/h 8 mL/h 104 to 109 228 to 240 9.5 mL 6.4 mL/h 17 mL/h 3.2 mL/h 8.5 mL/h 110 to 115 241 to 253 10.2 mL 6.8 mL/h 18 mL/h 3.4 mL/h 9 mL/h 116 to 121 254 to 267 10.7 mL 7 mL/h 19 mL/h 3.5 mL/h 9.5 mL/h >121 >267 11.3 mL 7.5 mL/h 20 mL/h 3.7 mL/h 10 mL/h"],"spl_product_data_elements":["Eptifibatide Eptifibatide EPTIFIBATIDE EPTIFIBATIDE CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE SODIUM HYDROXIDE WATER Eptifibatide Eptifibatide EPTIFIBATIDE EPTIFIBATIDE CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE SODIUM HYDROXIDE WATER Eptifibatide Eptifibatide EPTIFIBATIDE EPTIFIBATIDE CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE SODIUM HYDROXIDE WATER"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Injection: 20 mg of eptifibatide injection in 10 mL (2 mg/mL), for intravenous bolus. Injection: 75 mg of eptifibatide injection in 100 mL (0.75 mg/mL), for intravenous infusion. Injection: 200 mg of eptifibatide injection in 100 mL (2 mg/mL), for intravenous infusion. 20 mg/10 mL (2 mg/mL) in a single-dose vial for bolus injection (3) 75 mg/100 mL (0.75 mg/mL) in a single-dose vial for infusion (3) 200 mg/100 mL (2 mg/mL) in a single-dose vial for infusion (3)"],"clinical_pharmacology_table":["
Table 4: Platelet Inhibition and Bleeding Time
*180 mcg/kg bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 2 mcg/kg/min.
PURSUIT 180/2*
Inhibition of platelet aggregation 15 min after bolus 84%
Inhibition of platelet aggregation at steady state >90%
Bleeding-time prolongation at steady state <5x
Inhibition of platelet aggregation 4h after infusion discontinuation <50%
Bleeding-time prolongation 6h after infusion discontinuation 1.4x
"],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Geriatric Use: Risk of bleeding increases with age. (8.5) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Available data on eptifibatide use in pregnant women from published literature and the pharmacovigilance database are insufficient to establish a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Untreated myocardial infarction can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus (see Clinical Considerations) . In animal reproduction studies, there was no evidence of adverse developmental effects when eptifibatide was administered intravenously to pregnant rats and rabbits at approximately 4 times the recommended maximum daily human dose. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Myocardial infarction is a medical emergency in pregnancy which can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus if left untreated. Therapy for the pregnant woman should not be withheld because of potential concerns regarding the effects of eptifibatide on the fetus Data Animal Data Embryo-fetal development studies have been performed by continuous intravenous infusion of eptifibatide in pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis at total daily doses of up to 72 mg/kg/day (about 4 times the recommended maximum daily human dose on a body surface area basis) and in pregnant rabbits during the period of organogenesis at total daily doses of up to 36 mg/kg/day (also about 4 times the recommended maximum daily human dose on a body surface area basis). These studies revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to eptifibatide. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There are no available data on the presence of eptifibatide in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. As eptifibatide is a peptide, it is likely to be destroyed in the infant’s gastrointestinal tract and not absorbed orally by the breastfed infant. 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of eptifibatide in pediatric patients have not been studied. 8.5 Geriatric Use The PURSUIT and IMPACT II clinical studies enrolled patients up to the age of 94 years (45% were age 65 and over; 12% were age 75 and older). There was no apparent difference in efficacy between older and younger patients treated with eptifibatide. The incidence of bleeding complications was higher in the elderly in both placebo and eptifibatide groups, and the incremental risk of eptifibatide-associated bleeding was greater in the older patients. No dose adjustment was made for elderly patients, but patients over 75 years of age had to weigh at least 50 kg to be enrolled in the PURSUIT study; no such limitation was stipulated in the ESPRIT study [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] . 8.6 Renal Impairment Approximately 50% of eptifibatide is cleared by the kidney in patients with normal renal function. Total drug clearance is decreased by approximately 50% and steady-state plasma eptifibatide concentrations are doubled in patients with an estimated CrCl <50 mL/min (using the Cockcroft-Gault equation). Therefore, the infusion dose should be reduced to 1 mcg/kg/min in such patients [see Dosage and Administration (2) ] . The safety and efficacy of eptifibatide in patients dependent on dialysis has not been established."],"dosage_and_administration_table":["
Indication Normal Renal Function Creatinine Clearance less than 50 mL/min
Patients with ACS 180 mcg/kg intravenous (I.V.) bolus as soon as possible after diagnosis, followed by continuous infusion of 2 mcg/kg/min 180 mcg/kg I.V. bolus as soon as possible after diagnosis, followed by continuous infusion of 1 mcg/kg/min
Infusion should continue until hospital discharge or initiation of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), up to 72 hoursIf a patient is to undergo PCI, the infusion should be continued until hospital discharge or for up to 18 to 24 hours after the procedure, whichever comes first, allowing for up to 96 hours of therapyAspirin, 160 to 325 mg, should be given daily
","
Indication Normal Renal Function Creatinine Clearance less than 50 mL/min
Patients with PCI 180 mcg/kg I.V. bolus immediately before PCI followed by continuous infusion of 2 mcg/kg/min and a second bolus of 180 mcg/kg (given 10 minutes after the first bolus) 180 mcg/kg I.V. bolus immediately before PCI followed by continuous infusion of 1 mcg/kg/min and a second bolus of 180 mcg/kg (given 10 minutes after the first bolus)
Infusion should be continued until hospital discharge, or for up to 18 to 24 hours, whichever comes first. A minimum of 12 hours of infusion is recommended.In patients who undergo CABG surgery, eptifibatide infusion should be discontinued prior to surgery.Aspirin, 160 to 325 mg, should be given 1 to 24 hours prior to PCI and daily thereafter.
","
Table 1: Eptifibatide Injection Dosing Charts by Weight
Patient Weight 180 mcg/kg Bolus Volume 2 mcg/kg/min Infusion Volume (CrCl greater than or equal to 50 mL/min) 1 mcg/kg/min Infusion Volume (CrCl less than 50 mL/min)
(kg) (lb) (from 2 mg/mL vial) (from 2 mg/mL 100 mL vial) (from 0.75 mg/mL 100 mL vial) (from 2 mg/mL 100 mL vial) (from 0.75 mg/mL 100 mL vial)
37 to 41 81 to 91 3.4 mL 2 mL/h 6 mL/h 1 mL/h 3 mL/h
42 to 46 92 to 102 4 mL 2.5 mL/h 7 mL/h 1.3 mL/h 3.5 mL/h
47 to 53 103 to 117 4.5 mL 3 mL/h 8 mL/h 1.5 mL/h 4 mL/h
54 to 59 118 to 130 5 mL 3.5 mL/h 9 mL/h 1.8 mL/h 4.5 mL/h
60 to 65 131 to 143 5.6 mL 3.8 mL/h 10 mL/h 1.9 mL/h 5 mL/h
66 to 71 144 to 157 6.2 mL 4 mL/h 11 mL/h 2 mL/h 5.5 mL/h
72 to 78 158 to 172 6.8 mL 4.5 mL/h 12 mL/h 2.3 mL/h 6 mL/h
79 to 84 173 to 185 7.3 mL 5 mL/h 13 mL/h 2.5 mL/h 6.5 mL/h
85 to 90 186 to 198 7.9 mL 5.3 mL/h 14 mL/h 2.7 mL/h 7 mL/h
91 to 96 199 to 212 8.5 mL 5.6 mL/h 15 mL/h 2.8 mL/h 7.5 mL/h
97 to 103 213 to 227 9 mL 6 mL/h 16 mL/h 3 mL/h 8 mL/h
104 to 109 228 to 240 9.5 mL 6.4 mL/h 17 mL/h 3.2 mL/h 8.5 mL/h
110 to 115 241 to 253 10.2 mL 6.8 mL/h 18 mL/h 3.4 mL/h 9 mL/h
116 to 121 254 to 267 10.7 mL 7 mL/h 19 mL/h 3.5 mL/h 9.5 mL/h
>121 >267 11.3 mL 7.5 mL/h 20 mL/h 3.7 mL/h 10 mL/h
"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 75 mg per 100 mL (0.75 mg / mL) - Container Label Rx only NDC 55150-218-99 Eptifibatide Injection 75 mg per 100 mL (0.75 mg/mL) For Intravenous Use Only for weight-adjusted infusion 100 mL Single-Dose Vial PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 75 mg per 100 mL (0.75 mg / mL) - Container Label","PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 75 mg per 100 mL (0.75 mg / mL) - Container-Carton (1 Vial) Rx only NDC 55150-218-99 Eptifibatide Injection 75 mg per 100 mL (0.75 mg/mL) For Intravenous Use Only 100 mL Single-Dose Vial for weight-adjusted infusion eugia PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 75 mg per 100 mL (0.75 mg / mL) - Container-Carton (1 Vial)","PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 20 mg per 10 mL (2 mg / mL) - Container Label Rx only NDC 55150-219-10 Eptifibatide Injection 20 mg per 10 mL (2 mg/mL) For Intravenous Use Only for weight-adjusted bolus dosing 10 mL Single-Dose Vial PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 20 mg per 10 mL (2 mg / mL) - Container Label","PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 20 mg per 10 mL (2 mg / mL) - Container-Carton (1 Vial) Rx only NDC 55150-219-10 Eptifibatide Injection 20 mg per 10 mL (2 mg/mL) For Intravenous Use Only 10 mL Single-Dose Vial for weight-adjusted bolus dosing eugia PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 20 mg per 10 mL (2 mg / mL) - Container-Carton (1 Vial)","PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 200 mg per 100 mL (2 mg / mL) - Container Label Rx only NDC 55150-220-99 Eptifibatide Injection 200 mg per 100 mL (2 mg/mL) For Intravenous Use Only for weight-adjusted infusion 100 mL Single-Dose Vial PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 200 mg per 100 mL (2 mg / mL) - Container Label","PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 200 mg per 100 mL (2 mg / mL) - Container-Carton (1 Vial) Rx only NDC 55150-220-99 Eptifibatide Injection 200 mg per 100 mL (2 mg/mL) For Intravenous Use Only 100 mL Single-Dose Vial for weight-adjusted infusion eugia PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 200 mg per 100 mL (2 mg / mL) - Container-Carton (1 Vial)"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No long-term studies in animals have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of eptifibatide. Eptifibatide was not genotoxic in the Ames test, the mouse lymphoma cell (L 5178Y, TK+/-) forward mutation test, the human lymphocyte chromosome aberration test, or the mouse micronucleus test. Administered by continuous intravenous infusion at total daily doses up to 72 mg/kg/day (about 4 times the recommended maximum daily human dose on a body surface area basis), eptifibatide had no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats."]},"tags":[{"label":"Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3","category":"target"},{"label":"ITGA2B","category":"gene"},{"label":"ITGB3","category":"gene"},{"label":"B01AC16","category":"atc"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Established","category":"status"},{"label":"Acute coronary syndrome","category":"indication"},{"label":"NonQ wave myocardial infarction","category":"indication"},{"label":"Percutaneous coronary intervention","category":"indication"},{"label":"Unstable angina","category":"indication"},{"label":"Msd Sub Merck","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1990s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Hematologic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"llr":677.32,"date":"","count":219,"signal":"Myocardial infarction","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 219 times (LLR=677)"},{"llr":177.367,"date":"","count":35,"signal":"Vascular stent thrombosis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 35 times (LLR=177)"},{"llr":134.026,"date":"","count":79,"signal":"Thrombocytopenia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 79 times (LLR=134)"},{"llr":124.322,"date":"","count":28,"signal":"Thrombosis in device","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 28 times (LLR=124)"},{"llr":99.739,"date":"","count":15,"signal":"Myocardial rupture","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 15 times (LLR=100)"},{"llr":89.659,"date":"","count":39,"signal":"Acute myocardial infarction","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 39 times (LLR=90)"},{"llr":81.87,"date":"","count":41,"signal":"Haemorrhage","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 41 times (LLR=82)"},{"llr":78.748,"date":"","count":57,"signal":"Product use in unapproved indication","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 57 times (LLR=79)"},{"llr":59.391,"date":"","count":9,"signal":"Mediastinal haematoma","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 9 times (LLR=59)"},{"llr":56.714,"date":"","count":13,"signal":"Arterial thrombosis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 13 times (LLR=57)"},{"llr":56.125,"date":"","count":16,"signal":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 16 times (LLR=56)"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Major bleeding","drugRate":"10.8%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Minor bleeding","drugRate":"13.1%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Requiring transfusions","drugRate":"12.8%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Hemorrhagic stroke","drugRate":"0.8%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Cerebral infarction","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"}],"contraindications":["Acute Thromboembolic Stroke","Acute hemorrhage","Blood coagulation disorder","Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction","Hypertensive urgency","Impaired renal function disorder","Puncture of Noncompressible Artery","Renal dialysis","Surgical procedure","Thrombocytopenic disorder"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"Available data on eptifibatide use in pregnant women from published literature and the pharmacovigilance database are insufficient to establish drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Untreated myocardial infarction can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus (see Clinical Considerations). In animal reproduction studies, there was no evidence of adverse developmental effects when eptifibatide was administered intravenously to pregnant rats and rabbits at approximately times the recommended maximum daily human dose. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.","Geriatric use":"The PURSUIT and IMPACT II clinical studies enrolled patients up to the age of 94 years (45% were age 65 and over; 12% were age 75 and older). There was no apparent difference in efficacy between older and younger patients treated with eptifibatide. The incidence of bleeding complications was higher in the elderly in both placebo and eptifibatide groups, and the incremental risk of eptifibatide-associated bleeding was greater in the older patients. No dose adjustment was made for geriatric patients.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness of eptifibatide in pediatric patients have not been studied."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Merck & Co.","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=EPTIFIBATIDE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:23:56.100959+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptifibatide","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:24:03.358473+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:24:01.784389+00:00"},"regulatory.eu":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"European Medicines Agency","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ema_api","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:23:56.173397+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=EPTIFIBATIDE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:24:02.309976+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:23:54.978151+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:23:54.978188+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:23:54.978194+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:24:03.358383+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1174/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:24:03.019508+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA206127","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:23:54.978198+00:00"}},"allNames":"integrilin","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["eptifibatide","eftifibatide","integrelin","integrilin","intrifiban"],"timeline":[{"date":"1998-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from SCHERING to Msd Sub Merck"},{"date":"1998-05-18","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Schering)"},{"date":"1999-07-01","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"EMA approval (Glaxosmithkline (Ireland) Limited)"},{"date":"2017-04-18","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 4 manufacturers approved"}],"aiSummary":"Integrilin (Eptifibatide) is a small molecule platelet aggregation inhibitor that targets the integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 receptor. It is a generic, off-patent medication approved by the FDA in 1998 for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, non-Q wave myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, and unstable angina. As a platelet aggregation inhibitor, Integrilin works by blocking the binding of fibrinogen to the integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 receptor, thereby preventing platelet aggregation and clot formation. The medication has a half-life of 4.2 hours and is administered intravenously. With 13 generic manufacturers, Integrilin is widely available and has no active Orange Book patents.","approvals":[{"date":"1998-05-18","orphan":false,"company":"SCHERING","regulator":"FDA"},{"date":"1999-07-01","orphan":false,"company":"GLAXOSMITHKLINE (IRELAND) LIMITED","regulator":"EMA"}],"brandName":"Integrilin","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Acute coronary syndrome","otherDrugs":[{"name":"clopidogrel","slug":"clopidogrel","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"name":"metoprolol","slug":"metoprolol","company":"Us Pharms Holdings I"},{"name":"prasugrel","slug":"prasugrel","company":"Eli Lilly And Co"},{"name":"ticagrelor","slug":"ticagrelor","company":"Astrazeneca Lp"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"NonQ wave myocardial infarction","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Percutaneous coronary intervention","otherDrugs":[{"name":"abciximab","slug":"abciximab","company":"Centocor Inc"},{"name":"apraclonidine","slug":"apraclonidine","company":"Alcon"},{"name":"argatroban","slug":"argatroban","company":"Pfizer"},{"name":"bivalirudin","slug":"bivalirudin","company":"Medicines Co"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Unstable angina","otherDrugs":[{"name":"clopidogrel","slug":"clopidogrel","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"name":"enoxaparin sodium","slug":"enoxaparin-sodium","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"ITGA2B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3","protein":"Integrin alpha-IIb"},{"gene":"ITGB3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3","protein":"Integrin beta-3"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor [EPC]","explanation":"Eptifibatide reversibly inhibits platelet aggregation by preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive ligands to GP IIb/IIIa. When administered intravenously, eptifibatide inhibits ex vivo platelet aggregation in dose- and concentration-dependent manner. Platelet aggregation inhibition is reversible following cessation of the eptifibatide infusion; this is thought to result from dissociation of eptifibatide from the platelet.","oneSentence":"Integrilin blocks the binding of fibrinogen to platelets, preventing them from clumping together and forming clots.","technicalDetail":"Integrilin specifically inhibits the binding of fibrinogen to the integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 receptor on platelet surfaces, thereby preventing the activation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex and subsequent platelet aggregation.","_target_confidence":0.5},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptifibatide","title":"Eptifibatide","extract":"Eptifibatide, is an antiplatelet drug of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor class. Eptifibatide is a cyclic heptapeptide derived from a disintegrin protein found in the venom of the southeastern pygmy rattlesnake. It belongs to the class of the arginine-glycine-aspartate-mimetics and reversibly binds to platelets. Eptifibatide has a short half-life. The drug is the third inhibitor of GPIIb/IIIa that has found broad acceptance after the specific antibody abciximab and the non-peptide tirofiban entered the global market."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1998","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1998-05-18, SCHERING)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1040","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=EPTIFIBATIDE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=EPTIFIBATIDE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptifibatide","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_emaChecked":true,"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T11:00:25.793785","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:24:06.878160+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"clopidogrel","drugSlug":"clopidogrel","fdaApproval":"1997-11-17","genericCount":23,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ticlopidine","drugSlug":"ticlopidine","fdaApproval":"1991-10-31","genericCount":8,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"acetylsalicylic acid","drugSlug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","fdaApproval":"1950-04-12","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"dipyridamole","drugSlug":"dipyridamole","fdaApproval":"1961-12-06","genericCount":17,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"epoprostenol","drugSlug":"epoprostenol","fdaApproval":"1995-09-20","patentExpiry":"Mar 15, 2027","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"iloprost","drugSlug":"iloprost","fdaApproval":"2004-12-29","patentExpiry":"Jul 18, 2044","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"abciximab","drugSlug":"abciximab","fdaApproval":"1993-12-16","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"tirofiban","drugSlug":"tirofiban","fdaApproval":"1998-05-14","genericCount":3,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"treprostinil","drugSlug":"treprostinil","fdaApproval":"2002-05-21","patentExpiry":"Sep 5, 2028","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"prasugrel","drugSlug":"prasugrel","fdaApproval":"2009-07-10","genericCount":10,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"cilostazol","drugSlug":"cilostazol","fdaApproval":"1999-01-15","genericCount":12,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ticagrelor","drugSlug":"ticagrelor","fdaApproval":"2011-07-20","patentExpiry":"Oct 17, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"cangrelor","drugSlug":"cangrelor","fdaApproval":"2015-06-22","patentExpiry":"Nov 10, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"vorapaxar","drugSlug":"vorapaxar","fdaApproval":"2014-05-08","patentExpiry":"Dec 23, 2027","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"selexipag","drugSlug":"selexipag","fdaApproval":"2015-12-21","patentExpiry":"Oct 31, 2026","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"eptifibatide","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Acute coronary syndrome","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":394659003,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"NonQ wave myocardial infarction","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":314207007,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Not explicitly mentioned, assumed to be a subset of ACS"},{"name":"Percutaneous coronary intervention","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":415070008,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Patients undergoing PCI, including those undergoing intracoronary stenting."},{"name":"Unstable angina","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":4557003,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Not explicitly mentioned, assumed to be a subset of ACS"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"currentOwner":"Msd Sub Merck","drugCategory":"established","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"clopidogrel","brandName":"clopidogrel","genericName":"clopidogrel","approvalYear":"1997","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"ticlopidine","brandName":"ticlopidine","genericName":"ticlopidine","approvalYear":"1991","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"acetylsalicylic-acid","brandName":"acetylsalicylic acid","genericName":"acetylsalicylic 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