{"id":"epoprostenol","rwe":[],"_fda":{"id":"2a163b77-9e01-4516-b19c-f5a12ce48560","risks":["Risk Summary Limited published data from case series and case reports with epoprostenol have not established a drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when used during pregnancy. There are risks to the mother and fetus from untreated pulmonary arterial hypertension ( see Clinical Considerations ). In animal reproduction studies, pregnant rats and rabbits received epoprostenol sodium during organogenesis at exposures of 2.5 and 4.8 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), respectively, and there was no effect on the fetus ( see Data ). The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.","Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of epoprostenol in either human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effect on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for epoprostenol and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from epoprostenol or from the underlying maternal condition."],"set_id":"2a163b77-9e01-4516-b19c-f5a12ce48560","openfda":{"nui":["N0000175416","M0017817","N0000009909"],"upc":["0367457587103"],"unii":["DCR9Z582X0"],"route":["INTRAVENOUS"],"rxcui":["562501","562502"],"spl_id":["2a163b77-9e01-4516-b19c-f5a12ce48560"],"brand_name":["EPOPROSTENOL"],"spl_set_id":["2a163b77-9e01-4516-b19c-f5a12ce48560"],"package_ndc":["67457-587-10","67457-588-10"],"product_ndc":["67457-587","67457-588"],"generic_name":["EPOPROSTENOL"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"pharm_class_cs":["Prostaglandins I [CS]"],"pharm_class_pe":["Vasodilation [PE]"],"substance_name":["EPOPROSTENOL"],"pharm_class_epc":["Prostacycline Vasodilator [EPC]"],"manufacturer_name":["Mylan Institutional LLC"],"application_number":["ANDA213913"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"1","pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Limited published data from case series and case reports with epoprostenol have not established a drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when used during pregnancy. There are risks to the mother and fetus from untreated pulmonary arterial hypertension ( see Clinical Considerations ). In animal reproduction studies, pregnant rats and rabbits received epoprostenol sodium during organogenesis at exposures of 2.5 and 4.8 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), respectively, and there was no effect on the fetus ( see Data ). The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk Pregnant women with untreated pulmonary arterial hypertension are at risk for heart failure, stroke, preterm delivery, and maternal and fetal death. Data Animal Data Embryo-fetal development studies have been performed in rats and rabbits during organogenesis. Epoprostenol sodium doses up to 100 mcg/kg/day, a dose that was maternally toxic in rabbits but not in rats, (600 mcg/m 2 /day in rats, 2.5 times the MRHD, and 1,180 mcg/m 2 /day in rabbits, 4.8 times the MRHD based on body surface area), had no effect on the fetus. In a postnatal development study, epoprostenol sodium was administered subcutaneously to female rats for 2 weeks prior to mating through weaning and to male rats for 60 days prior to and through mating at a male and female toxic dose of up to 100 mcg/kg/day (600 mcg/m 2 /day, 2.5 times the MRHD based on body surface area). There was no effect on growth and development of the offspring."],"overdosage":["10 OVERDOSAGE Signs and symptoms of excessive doses of epoprostenol during clinical trials are the expected dose-limiting pharmacologic effects of epoprostenol, including flushing, headache, hypotension, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Treatment will ordinarily require dose reduction of epoprostenol. One patient with secondary pulmonary hypertension accidentally received 50 mL of an unspecified concentration of epoprostenol. The patient vomited and became unconscious with an initially unrecordable blood pressure. Epoprostenol was discontinued and the patient regained consciousness within seconds. In clinical practice, fatal occurrences of hypoxemia, hypotension, and respiratory arrest have been reported following overdosage of epoprostenol. Single intravenous doses of epoprostenol at 10 and 50 mg/kg (2,703 and 27,027 times the recommended acute phase human dose based on body surface area) were lethal to mice and rats, respectively. Symptoms of acute toxicity were hypoactivity, ataxia, loss of righting reflex, deep slow breathing, and hypothermia."],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION Epoprostenol sodium is the sodium salt of epoprostenol, formulated as a sterile lyophilized powder for intravenous (IV) administration. Each vial of epoprostenol for injection contains epoprostenol sodium equivalent to either 0.5 mg (500,000 ng) or 1.5 mg (1,500,000 ng) epoprostenol, 50 mg arginine and 100 mg sucrose. Sodium hydroxide is added to adjust pH. Epoprostenol (PGI 2 , PGX, prostacyclin), a metabolite of arachidonic acid, is a naturally occurring prostaglandin with potent vasodilatory activity and inhibitory activity of platelet aggregation. Epoprostenol is (5 Z ,9a,11a,13 E ,15 S )-6,9-epoxy-11,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid. Epoprostenol sodium has a molecular weight of 374.5 and a molecular formula of C 20 H 31 NaO 5 . The structural formula is: Epoprostenol for injection is a white to off-white lyophilized powder or cake. It is reconstituted with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. The reconstituted solution of epoprostenol for injection has a pH ranging from 11 to 13 and is increasingly unstable at a lower pH. Epoprostenol Structural Formula"],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.1 How Supplied Epoprostenol for injection is supplied as a sterile white to off-white lyophilized powder or cake in 10 mL vials. 10 mL vial with a white flip-off seal containing epoprostenol sodium equivalent to 0.5 mg (500,000 ng) epoprostenol, is packaged in carton of 1 vial ( NDC 67457-587-10) . 10 mL vial with a light blue flip-off seal containing epoprostenol sodium equivalent to 1.5 mg (1,500,000 ng) epoprostenol, is packaged in carton of 1 vial (NDC 67457-588-10). Store the vials of epoprostenol for injection at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. 16.2 Storage and Stability Unopened vials of epoprostenol for injection are stable until the date indicated on the package when stored at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). The unopened vial should be kept in the carton and not exposed to direct sunlight. Use after reconstitution and immediate dilution to final concentration can be found in DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.4) Reconstitution, Table 1: Maximum duration of administration (hours) at room temperature (77°F /25°C) of fully diluted solutions in the drug delivery reservoir. Inspect parenteral drug products for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit. If either occurs, do not administer."],"geriatric_use":["8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of epoprostenol in pulmonary hypertension did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy."],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established."],"effective_time":"20220515","clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES 14.1 Clinical Trials in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) Acute Hemodynamic Effects Acute intravenous infusions of epoprostenol for up to 15 minutes in patients with idiopathic or heritable PAH or PAH associated with scleroderma spectrum of diseases (PAH/SSD) produce dose-related increases in cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume (SV) and dose-related decreases in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), total pulmonary resistance (TPR), and mean systemic arterial pressure (SAPm). The effects of epoprostenol on mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAPm) were variable and minor. Chronic Infusion in Idiopathic or Heritable PAH Hemodynamic Effects Chronic continuous infusions of epoprostenol in patients with idiopathic or heritable PAH were studied in 2 prospective, open, randomized trials of 8 and 12 weeks’ duration comparing epoprostenol plus conventional therapy to conventional therapy alone. Dosage of epoprostenol was determined as described in DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2) and averaged 9.2 ng/kg/min at study’s end. Conventional therapy varied among patients and included some or all of the following: anticoagulants in essentially all patients; oral vasodilators, diuretics, and digoxin in one half to two thirds of patients; and supplemental oxygen in about half the patients. Except for 2 New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional Class II patients, all patients were either functional Class III or Class IV. As results were similar in the 2 studies, the pooled results are described. Chronic hemodynamic effects were generally similar to acute effects. Increases in CI, SV, and arterial oxygen saturation and decreases in PAPm, mean right atrial pressure (RAPm), TPR, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were observed in patients who received epoprostenol chronically compared to those who did not. Table 11 illustrates the treatment-related hemodynamic changes in these patients after 8 or 12 weeks of treatment. Table 11: Hemodynamics during Chronic Administration of Epoprostenol in Patients with Idiopathic or Heritable PAH Baseline Mean Change from Baseline at End of Treatment Period At 8 weeks: Epoprostenol N = 10, conventional therapy N = 11 (N is the number of patients with hemodynamic data). At 12 weeks: Epoprostenol N = 38, conventional therapy N = 30 (N is the number of patients with hemodynamic data). Hemodynamic Parameter Epoprostenol (N = 52) Standard Therapy (N = 54) Epoprostenol (N = 48) Standard Therapy (N = 41) CI (L/min/m 2 ) 2 2 0.3 † Denotes statistically significant difference between Epoprostenol and conventional therapy groups. CI = cardiac index, PAPm = mean pulmonary arterial pressure, PVR = pulmonary vascular resistance, SAPm = mean systemic arterial pressure, SV = stroke volume, TPR = total pulmonary resistance. -0.1 PAPm (mmHg) 60 60 -5 1 PVR (Wood U) 16 17 -4 1 SAPm (mmHg) 89 91 -4 -3 SV (mL/beat) 44 43 6 -1 TPR (Wood U) 20 21 -5 1 These hemodynamic improvements appeared to persist when epoprostenol was administered for at least 36 months in an open, nonrandomized study. Clinical Effects Statistically significant improvement was observed in exercise capacity, as measured by the 6-minute walk test in patients receiving continuous intravenous epoprostenol plus conventional therapy (N = 52) for 8 or 12 weeks compared to those receiving conventional therapy alone (N = 54). Improvements were apparent as early as the first week of therapy. Increases in exercise capacity were accompanied by statistically significant improvement in dyspnea and fatigue, as measured by the Chronic Heart Failure Questionnaire and the Dyspnea Fatigue Index. Survival was improved in NYHA functional Class III and Class IV patients with idiopathic or heritable PAH treated with epoprostenol for 12 weeks in a multicenter, open, randomized, parallel study. At the end of the treatment period, 8 of 40 (20%) patients receiving conventional therapy alone died, whereas none of the 41 patients receiving epoprostenol died (p = 0.003). Chronic Infusion in PAH/Scleroderma Spectrum of Diseases (SSD) Hemodynamic Effects Chronic continuous infusions of epoprostenol in patients with PAH/SSD were studied in a prospective, open, randomized trial of 12 weeks’ duration comparing epoprostenol plus conventional therapy (N = 56) to conventional therapy alone (N = 55). Except for 5 NYHA functional Class II patients, all patients were either functional Class III or Class IV. Dosage of epoprostenol was determined as described in DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2) and averaged 11.2 ng/kg/min at study’s end. Conventional therapy varied among patients and included some or all of the following: anticoagulants in essentially all patients, supplemental oxygen and diuretics in two thirds of the patients, oral vasodilators in 40% of the patients, and digoxin in a third of the patients. A statistically significant increase in CI, and statistically significant decreases in PAPm, RAPm, PVR, and SAPm after 12 weeks of treatment were observed in patients who received epoprostenol chronically compared to those who did not. Table 12 illustrates the treatment-related hemodynamic changes in these patients after 12 weeks of treatment. Table 12: Hemodynamics during Chronic Administration of Epoprostenol in Patients with PAH/SSD CI = cardiac index, PAPm = mean pulmonary arterial pressure, RAPm = mean right atrial pressure, PVR = pulmonary vascular resistance, SAPm = mean systemic arterial pressure. Baseline Mean Change from Baseline at 12 Weeks Hemodynamic Parameter Epoprostenol (N = 56) Conventional Therapy (N = 55) Epoprostenol (N = 50) Conventional Therapy (N = 48) CI (L/min/m 2 ) 1.9 2.2 0.5 Denotes statistically significant difference between Epoprostenol and conventional therapy groups (N is the number of patients with hemodynamic data). -0.1 PAPm (mmHg) 51 49 -5 1 RAPm (mmHg) 13 11 -1 1 PVR (Wood U) 14 11 -5 1 SAPm (mmHg) 93 89 -8 -1 Clinical Effects Statistically significant improvement was observed in exercise capacity, as measured by the 6-minute walk, in patients receiving continuous intravenous epoprostenol plus conventional therapy for 12 weeks compared to those receiving conventional therapy alone. Improvements were apparent in some patients at the end of the first week of therapy. Increases in exercise capacity were accompanied by statistically significant improvements in dyspnea and fatigue, as measured by the Borg Dyspnea Index and Dyspnea Fatigue Index. At week 12, NYHA functional class improved in 21 of 51 (41%) patients treated with epoprostenol compared to none of the 48 patients treated with conventional therapy alone. However, more patients in both treatment groups (28/51 [55%] with epoprostenol and 35/48 [73%] with conventional therapy alone) showed no change in functional class, and 2/51 (4%) with epoprostenol and 13/48 (27%) with conventional therapy alone worsened. Of the patients randomized, NYHA functional class data at 12 weeks were not available for 5 patients treated with epoprostenol and 7 patients treated with conventional therapy alone. No statistical difference in survival over 12 weeks was observed in PAH/SSD patients treated with epoprostenol as compared to those receiving conventional therapy alone. At the end of the treatment period, 4 of 56 (7%) patients receiving epoprostenol died, whereas 5 of 55 (9%) patients receiving conventional therapy alone died. No controlled clinical trials with epoprostenol have been performed in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with other diseases."],"pharmacodynamics":["12.2 Pharmacodynamics In animals, the vasodilatory effects reduce right- and left-ventricular afterload and increase cardiac output and stroke volume. The effect of epoprostenol on heart rate in animals varies with dose. At low doses, there is vagally mediated bradycardia, but at higher doses, epoprostenol causes reflex tachycardia in response to direct vasodilation and hypotension. No major effects on cardiac conduction have been observed. Additional pharmacologic effects of epoprostenol in animals include bronchodilation, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, and decreased gastric emptying."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics Epoprostenol is rapidly hydrolyzed at neutral pH in blood and is also subject to enzymatic degradation. Animal studies using tritium-labeled epoprostenol have indicated a high clearance (93 mL/kg/min), small volume of distribution (357 mL/kg), and a short half-life (2.7 minutes). During infusions in animals, steady-state plasma concentrations of tritium-labeled epoprostenol were reached within 15 minutes and were proportional to infusion rates. No available chemical assay is sufficiently sensitive and specific to assess the in vivo human pharmacokinetics of epoprostenol. The in vitro half-life of epoprostenol in human blood at 37°C and pH 7.4 is approximately 6 minutes; therefore, the in vivo half-life of epoprostenol in humans is expected to be no greater than 6 minutes. The in vitro pharmacologic half-life of epoprostenol in human plasma, based on inhibition of platelet aggregation, was similar for males (n = 954) and females (n = 1,024). Tritium-labeled epoprostenol has been administered to humans in order to identify the metabolic products of epoprostenol. Epoprostenol is metabolized to 2 primary metabolites: 6-keto-PGF 1α (formed by spontaneous degradation) and 6,15-diketo-13,14-dihydro-PGF 1α (enzymatically formed), both of which have pharmacological activity orders of magnitude less than epoprostenol in animal test systems. The recovery of radioactivity in urine and feces over a 1-week period was 82% and 4% of the administered dose, respectively. Fourteen additional minor metabolites have been isolated from urine, indicating that epoprostenol is extensively metabolized in humans."],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS • Most common adverse reactions during: - Dose Initiation and Escalation: Nausea, vomiting, headache, hypotension, flushing, chest pain, anxiety, dizziness, bradycardia, dyspnea, abdominal pain, musculoskeletal pain, and tachycardia ( 6.1 ) - Chronic Dosing: Headache, jaw pain, flushing, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, flu-like symptoms, and anxiety/nervousness ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Mylan at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. During clinical trials, adverse events were classified as follows: (1) adverse events during dose initiation and escalation, (2) adverse events during chronic dosing, and (3) adverse events associated with the drug delivery system. Adverse Events during Dose Initiation and Escalation During early clinical trials, epoprostenol was increased in 2 ng/kg/min increments until the patients developed symptomatic intolerance. The most common adverse events and the adverse events that limited further increases in dose were generally related to vasodilation, the major pharmacologic effect of epoprostenol. The most common dose-limiting adverse events (occurring in > 1% of patients) were nausea, vomiting, headache, hypotension, and flushing, but also include chest pain, anxiety, dizziness, bradycardia, dyspnea, abdominal pain, musculoskeletal pain, and tachycardia. Table 8 lists the adverse events reported during dose initiation and escalation in decreasing order of frequency. Table 8: Adverse Events during Dose Initiation and Escalation Adverse Events Occurring in > 1% of Patients Epoprostenol (n=391) Flushing 58% Headache 49% Nausea/vomiting 32% Hypotension 16% Anxiety, nervousness, agitation 11% Chest pain 11% Dizziness 8% Bradycardia 5% Abdominal pain 5% Musculoskeletal pain 3% Dyspnea 2% Back pain 2% Sweating 1% Dyspepsia 1% Hypesthesia/paresthesia 1% Tachycardia 1% Adverse Events during Chronic Administration Interpretation of adverse events is complicated by the clinical features of PAH, which are similar to some of the pharmacologic effects of epoprostenol (e.g., dizziness, syncope). Adverse events which may be related to the underlying disease include dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, edema, hypoxia, right ventricular failure, and pallor. Several adverse events, on the other hand, can clearly be attributed to epoprostenol. These include hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, bleeding at various sites, thrombocytopenia, headache, abdominal pain, pain (unspecified), sweating, rash, arthralgia, jaw pain, flushing, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, flu-like symptoms, anxiety/nervousness, and agitation. In addition, chest pain, fatigue, and pallor have been reported during epoprostenol therapy, and a role for the drug in these events cannot be excluded. Adverse Events during Chronic Administration for Idiopathic or Heritable PAH In an effort to separate the adverse effects of the drug from the adverse effects of the underlying disease, Table 9 lists adverse events that occurred at a rate at least 10% greater on epoprostenol than on conventional therapy in controlled trials for idiopathic or heritable PAH. Table 9: Adverse Events Regardless of Attribution Occurring in Patients with Idiopathic or Heritable PAH with ≥10% Difference between Epoprostenol and Conventional Therapy Alone Adverse Event Epoprostenol (n = 52) Conventional Therapy (n = 54) Occurrence More Common With Epoprostenol General Chills/fever/sepsis/flu-like symptoms 25% 11% Cardiovascular Tachycardia 35% 24% Flushing 42% 2% Gastrointestinal Diarrhea 37% 6% Nausea/vomiting 67% 48% Musculoskeletal Jaw pain 54% 0% Myalgia 44% 31% Nonspecific musculoskeletal pain 35% 15% Neurological Anxiety/nervousness/tremor 21% 9% Dizziness 83% 70% Headache 83% 33% Hypesthesia, hyperesthesia, paresthesia 12% 2% Thrombocytopenia has been reported during uncontrolled clinical trials in patients receiving epoprostenol. Adverse Events during Chronic Administration for PAH/SSD In an effort to separate the adverse effects of the drug from the adverse effects of the underlying disease, Table 10 lists adverse events that occurred at a rate at least 10% greater on epoprostenol in the controlled trial. Table 10: Adverse Events Regardless of Attribution Occurring in Patients with PAH/SSD With ≥10% Difference Between Epoprostenol and Conventional Therapy Alone Adverse Event Epoprostenol (n = 56) Conventional Therapy (n = 55) Cardiovascular Flushing 23% 0% Hypotension 13% 0% Gastrointestinal Anorexia 66% 47% Nausea/vomiting 41% 16% Diarrhea 50% 5% Musculoskeletal Jaw pain 75% 0% Pain/neck pain/arthralgia 84% 65% Neurological Headache 46% 5% Skin and Appendages Skin ulcer 39% 24% Eczema/rash/urticaria 25% 4% Although the relationship to epoprostenol administration has not been established, pulmonary embolism has been reported in several patients taking epoprostenol and there have been reports of hepatic failure. Adverse Events Attributable to the Drug Delivery System Chronic infusions of epoprostenol are delivered using a small, portable infusion pump through an indwelling central venous catheter. During controlled PAH trials of up to 12 weeks’ duration, the local infection rate was about 18%, and the rate for pain was about 11%. During long-term follow-up, sepsis was reported at a rate of 0.3 infections/patient per year in patients treated with epoprostenol. This rate was higher than reported in patients using chronic indwelling central venous catheters to administer parenteral nutrition, but lower than reported in oncology patients using these catheters. Malfunctions in the delivery system resulting in an inadvertent bolus of or a reduction in epoprostenol were associated with symptoms related to excess or insufficient epoprostenol, respectively. 6.2 Post-Marketing Experience In addition to adverse reactions reported from clinical trials, the following events have been identified during post-approval use of epoprostenol. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. These events have been chosen for inclusion due to a combination of their seriousness, frequency of reporting, or potential causal connection to epoprostenol. Blood and Lymphatic: Anemia, hypersplenism, pancytopenia, splenomegaly. Cardiac: High output cardiac failure (consider dose reduction) [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) , and Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Endocrine and Metabolic: Hyperthyroidism"],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS A large study evaluating the effect of epoprostenol on survival in NYHA Class III and IV patients with congestive heart failure due to severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction was terminated after an interim analysis of 471 patients revealed a higher mortality in patients receiving epoprostenol plus conventional therapy than in those receiving conventional therapy alone. The chronic use of epoprostenol in patients with congestive heart failure due to severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction is therefore contraindicated. Some patients with pulmonary hypertension have developed pulmonary edema during dose initiation, which may be associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Epoprostenol should not be used chronically in patients who develop pulmonary edema during dose initiation. Epoprostenol is also contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or to structurally related compounds. • Congestive heart failure due to severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction ( 4 ) • Pulmonary edema (4) • Hypersensitivity to the drug or to structurally related compounds ( 4 )"],"drug_interactions":["7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Additional reductions in blood pressure may occur when epoprostenol is administered with diuretics, antihypertensive agents, or other vasodilators. When other antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants are used concomitantly, there is the potential for epoprostenol to increase the risk of bleeding. However, patients receiving infusions of epoprostenol in clinical trials were maintained on anticoagulants without evidence of increased bleeding. In clinical trials, epoprostenol was used with digoxin, diuretics, anticoagulants, oral vasodilators, and supplemental oxygen. In a pharmacokinetic substudy in patients with congestive heart failure receiving furosemide or digoxin in whom therapy with epoprostenol was initiated, apparent oral clearance values for furosemide (n = 23) and digoxin (n = 30) were decreased by 13% and 15%, respectively, on the second day of therapy and had returned to baseline values by day 87. The change in furosemide clearance value is not likely to be clinically significant. However, patients on digoxin may show elevations of digoxin concentrations after initiation of therapy with epoprostenol, which may be clinically significant in patients prone to digoxin toxicity. • Diuretics, antihypertensive agents, or other vasodilators: reduction in blood pressure ( 7 ) • Antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants: increase the risk of bleeding ( 7 ) • Patients on digoxin: elevations of digoxin concentrations clinically significant in patients prone to digoxin toxicity ( 7 )"],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action Epoprostenol has 2 major pharmacological actions: (1) direct vasodilation of pulmonary and systemic arterial vascular beds, and (2) inhibition of platelet aggregation."],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Epoprostenol has 2 major pharmacological actions: (1) direct vasodilation of pulmonary and systemic arterial vascular beds, and (2) inhibition of platelet aggregation. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics In animals, the vasodilatory effects reduce right- and left-ventricular afterload and increase cardiac output and stroke volume. The effect of epoprostenol on heart rate in animals varies with dose. At low doses, there is vagally mediated bradycardia, but at higher doses, epoprostenol causes reflex tachycardia in response to direct vasodilation and hypotension. No major effects on cardiac conduction have been observed. Additional pharmacologic effects of epoprostenol in animals include bronchodilation, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, and decreased gastric emptying. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Epoprostenol is rapidly hydrolyzed at neutral pH in blood and is also subject to enzymatic degradation. Animal studies using tritium-labeled epoprostenol have indicated a high clearance (93 mL/kg/min), small volume of distribution (357 mL/kg), and a short half-life (2.7 minutes). During infusions in animals, steady-state plasma concentrations of tritium-labeled epoprostenol were reached within 15 minutes and were proportional to infusion rates. No available chemical assay is sufficiently sensitive and specific to assess the in vivo human pharmacokinetics of epoprostenol. The in vitro half-life of epoprostenol in human blood at 37°C and pH 7.4 is approximately 6 minutes; therefore, the in vivo half-life of epoprostenol in humans is expected to be no greater than 6 minutes. The in vitro pharmacologic half-life of epoprostenol in human plasma, based on inhibition of platelet aggregation, was similar for males (n = 954) and females (n = 1,024). Tritium-labeled epoprostenol has been administered to humans in order to identify the metabolic products of epoprostenol. Epoprostenol is metabolized to 2 primary metabolites: 6-keto-PGF 1α (formed by spontaneous degradation) and 6,15-diketo-13,14-dihydro-PGF 1α (enzymatically formed), both of which have pharmacological activity orders of magnitude less than epoprostenol in animal test systems. The recovery of radioactivity in urine and feces over a 1-week period was 82% and 4% of the administered dose, respectively. Fourteen additional minor metabolites have been isolated from urine, indicating that epoprostenol is extensively metabolized in humans."],"indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Epoprostenol for injection is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise capacity. Studies establishing effectiveness included predominantly patients with NYHA Functional Class III-IV symptoms and etiologies of idiopathic or heritable PAH or PAH associated with connective tissue diseases. Epoprostenol for injection is a prostacyclin vasodilator indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise capacity. Studies establishing effectiveness included predominantly patients with NYHA Functional Class III-IV symptoms and etiologies of idiopathic or heritable PAH or PAH associated with connective tissue diseases. ( 1 )"],"warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS • Do not abruptly lower the dose or withdraw dosing. All dosing initiation and changes should be closely monitored. ( 5.2 , 5.3 ) 5.1 Dose Initiation Epoprostenol is a potent pulmonary and systemic vasodilator. Initiate epoprostenol in a setting with adequate personnel and equipment for physiologic monitoring and emergency care. Dose initiation has been performed during right heart catheterization and without cardiac catheterization. During dose initiation, asymptomatic increases in pulmonary artery pressure coincident with increases in cardiac output occurred rarely. In such cases, consider dose reduction, but such an increase does not imply that chronic treatment is contraindicated. 5.2 Chronic Use and Dose Adjustment During chronic use, deliver epoprostenol continuously on an ambulatory basis through a permanent indwelling central venous catheter. Unless contraindicated, administer anticoagulant therapy to patients receiving epoprostenol to reduce the risk of pulmonary thromboembolism or systemic embolism through a patent foramen ovale. To reduce the risk of infection, use aseptic technique in the reconstitution and administration of epoprostenol and in routine catheter care. Because epoprostenol is metabolized rapidly, even brief interruptions in the delivery of epoprostenol may result in symptoms associated with rebound pulmonary hypertension including dyspnea, dizziness, and asthenia. Intravenous therapy with epoprostenol will likely be needed for prolonged periods, possibly years, so consider the patient’s capacity to accept and care for a permanent intravenous catheter and infusion pump. Based on clinical trials, the acute hemodynamic response (reduction in pulmonary artery resistance) to epoprostenol did not correlate well with improvement in exercise tolerance or survival during chronic use of epoprostenol. Adjust dosage of epoprostenol during chronic use at the first sign of recurrence or worsening of symptoms attributable to pulmonary hypertension or the occurrence of adverse events associated with epoprostenol [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ] . Following dosage adjustments, monitor standing and supine blood pressure and heart rate closely for several hours. 5.3 Withdrawal Effects Abrupt withdrawal (including interruptions in drug delivery) or sudden large reductions in dosage of epoprostenol may result in symptoms associated with rebound pulmonary hypertension, including dyspnea, dizziness, and asthenia. In clinical trials, one Class III primary pulmonary hypertension patient’s death was judged attributable to the interruption of epoprostenol. Avoid abrupt withdrawal."],"clinical_studies_table":["
Table 11: Hemodynamics during Chronic Administration of Epoprostenol in Patients with Idiopathic or Heritable PAH
BaselineMean Change from Baseline at End of Treatment PeriodAt 8 weeks: Epoprostenol N = 10, conventional therapy N = 11 (N is the number of patients with hemodynamic data). At 12 weeks: Epoprostenol N = 38, conventional therapy N = 30 (N is the number of patients with hemodynamic data).
Hemodynamic ParameterEpoprostenol (N = 52)Standard Therapy (N = 54)Epoprostenol (N = 48)Standard Therapy (N = 41)
CI (L/min/m2)220.3†Denotes statistically significant difference between Epoprostenol and conventional therapy groups. CI = cardiac index, PAPm = mean pulmonary arterial pressure, PVR = pulmonary vascular resistance, SAPm = mean systemic arterial pressure, SV = stroke volume, TPR = total pulmonary resistance.-0.1
PAPm (mmHg)6060-51
PVR (Wood U)1617-41
SAPm (mmHg)8991-4-3
SV (mL/beat)44436-1
TPR (Wood U)2021-51
","
Table 12: Hemodynamics during Chronic Administration of Epoprostenol in Patients with PAH/SSD
CI = cardiac index, PAPm = mean pulmonary arterial pressure, RAPm = mean right atrial pressure, PVR = pulmonary vascular resistance, SAPm = mean systemic arterial pressure.
BaselineMean Change from Baseline at 12 Weeks
Hemodynamic ParameterEpoprostenol (N = 56)Conventional Therapy (N = 55)Epoprostenol (N = 50)Conventional Therapy (N = 48)
CI (L/min/m2)1.92.20.5Denotes statistically significant difference between Epoprostenol and conventional therapy groups (N is the number of patients with hemodynamic data). -0.1
PAPm (mmHg)5149-51
RAPm (mmHg)1311-11
PVR (Wood U)1411-51
SAPm (mmHg)9389-8-1
"],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential. A micronucleus test in rats revealed no evidence of mutagenicity. The Ames test and DNA elution tests were also negative, although the instability of epoprostenol makes the significance of these tests uncertain. Fertility was not impaired in rats given epoprostenol by subcutaneous injection at doses up to 100 mcg/kg/day (600 mcg/m 2 /day, 2.5 times the recommended human dose [4.6 ng/kg/min or 245.1 mcg/m 2 /day, IV] based on body surface area)."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
Table 8: Adverse Events during Dose Initiation and Escalation
Adverse Events Occurring in >1% of PatientsEpoprostenol (n=391)
Flushing58%
Headache49%
Nausea/vomiting32%
Hypotension16%
Anxiety, nervousness, agitation11%
Chest pain11%
Dizziness8%
Bradycardia5%
Abdominal pain5%
Musculoskeletal pain3%
Dyspnea2%
Back pain2%
Sweating1%
Dyspepsia1%
Hypesthesia/paresthesia1%
Tachycardia1%
","
Table 9: Adverse Events Regardless of Attribution Occurring in Patients with Idiopathic or Heritable PAH with ≥10% Difference between Epoprostenol and Conventional Therapy Alone
Adverse EventEpoprostenol (n = 52)Conventional Therapy (n = 54)
Occurrence More Common With Epoprostenol
General
Chills/fever/sepsis/flu-like symptoms 25%11%
Cardiovascular
Tachycardia 35%24%
Flushing 42%2%
Gastrointestinal
Diarrhea 37%6%
Nausea/vomiting 67%48%
Musculoskeletal
Jaw pain 54%0%
Myalgia44%31%
Nonspecific musculoskeletal pain 35%15%
Neurological
Anxiety/nervousness/tremor 21%9%
Dizziness 83%70%
Headache 83%33%
Hypesthesia, hyperesthesia, paresthesia 12%2%
","
Table 10: Adverse Events Regardless of Attribution Occurring in Patients with PAH/SSD With ≥10% Difference Between Epoprostenol and Conventional Therapy Alone
Adverse Event Epoprostenol (n = 56)Conventional Therapy (n = 55)
Cardiovascular
Flushing23%0%
Hypotension13%0%
Gastrointestinal
Anorexia66%47%
Nausea/vomiting41%16%
Diarrhea50%5%
Musculoskeletal
Jaw pain 75%0%
Pain/neck pain/arthralgia 84%65%
Neurological
Headache 46%5%
Skin and Appendages
Skin ulcer 39%24%
Eczema/rash/urticaria 25%4%
"],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Patients receiving epoprostenol should receive the following information. Epoprostenol must be reconstituted as directed using only Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. Epoprostenol is infused continuously through a permanent indwelling central venous catheter via a small, portable infusion pump. Thus, therapy with epoprostenol requires commitment by the patient to drug reconstitution, drug administration, and care of the permanent central venous catheter. Patients must adhere to sterile technique in preparing the drug and in the care of the catheter, and even brief interruptions in the delivery of epoprostenol may result in rapid symptomatic deterioration. A patient’s decision to receive epoprostenol should be based upon the understanding that there is a high likelihood that therapy with epoprostenol will be needed for prolonged periods, possibly years. The patient’s ability to accept and care for a permanent intravenous catheter and infusion pump should also be carefully considered. Manufactured for: Mylan Institutional LLC Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A. Manufactured by: Mylan Laboratories Limited Bangalore, India MAY 2022"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Important Note: Reconstitute Epoprostenol for Injection only as directed with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. Do not dilute reconstituted solutions of epoprostenol for injection or administer it with other parenteral solutions or medications [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ]. • Dosage - Infusion of epoprostenol for injection should be initiated at 2 ng/kg/min and increased in increments of 2 ng/kg/min every 15 minutes or longer until dose-limiting pharmacologic effects are elicited or until a tolerance limit to the drug is established. ( 2.1 ) - If symptoms of pulmonary hypertension persist or recur after improving - the infusion should be increased by 1 ng/kg/min to 2 ng/kg/min increments at intervals sufficient to allow assessment of clinical response; these intervals should be at least 15 minutes. ( 2.2 ) • Administration - Epoprostenol for injection is administered by continuous intravenous infusion via a central venous catheter using an ambulatory infusion pump. ( 2.3 ) - Do not mix with any other parenteral medications or solutions prior to or during administration. ( 2.4 ) • Reconstitution - Reconstituted in vial with only 5 mL of either Sterile Water for Injection or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection. - Epoprostenol for injection solution reconstituted and immediately diluted to the final concentration in the drug delivery reservoir can be administered per the conditions of use as outlined in Table 1. ( 2.4 ) - Solution for chronic delivery should be prepared in a drug delivery reservoir appropriate for the infusion pump. ( 2.4 ) 2.1 Dosage Prepare continuous chronic infusion of epoprostenol for injection as directed, and administer through a central venous catheter. Temporary peripheral intravenous infusion may be used until central access is established. Initiate chronic infusion of epoprostenol for injection at 2 ng/kg/min and increase in increments of 2 ng/kg/min every 15 minutes or longer until a tolerance limit to the drug is established or further increases in the infusion rate are not clinically warranted. If dose-limiting pharmacologic effects occur, then decrease the infusion rate until epoprostenol for injection is tolerated. In clinical trials, the most common dose-limiting adverse events were nausea, vomiting, hypotension, sepsis, headache, abdominal pain, or respiratory disorder (most treatment-limiting adverse events were not serious). If the initial infusion rate of 2 ng/kg/min is not tolerated, use a lower dose. In the controlled 12-week trial in PAH/SSD, for example, the dose increased from a mean starting dose of 2.2 ng/kg/min. During the first 7 days of treatment, the dose was increased daily to a mean dose of 4.1 ng/kg/min on day 7 of treatment. At the end of week 12, the mean dose was 11.2 ng/kg/min. The mean incremental increase was 2 ng/kg/min to 3 ng/kg/min every 3 weeks. 2.2 Dosage Adjustments Base changes in the chronic infusion rate on persistence, recurrence, or worsening of the patient’s symptoms of pulmonary hypertension and the occurrence of adverse events due to excessive doses of epoprostenol for injection. In general, expect increases in dose from the initial chronic dose. Consider increments in dose if symptoms of pulmonary hypertension persist or recur. Adjust the infusion by 1 ng/kg/min to 2 ng/kg/min increments at intervals sufficient to allow assessment of clinical response; these intervals should be at least 15 minutes. In clinical trials, incremental increases in dose occurred at intervals of 24 to 48 hours or longer. Following establishment of new chronic infusion rate, observe the patient, and monitor standing and supine blood pressure and heart rate for several hours to ensure that the new dose is tolerated. During chronic infusion, the occurrence of dose-limiting pharmacological events may necessitate a decrease in infusion rate, but the adverse event may occasionally resolve without dosage adjustment. Make dosage decreases gradually in 2 ng/kg/min decrements every 15 minutes or longer until the dose-limiting effects resolve [see Adverse Reactions (6.1 and 6.2) ] . Avoid abrupt withdrawal of epoprostenol for injection or sudden large reductions in infusion rates. Except in life-threatening situations (e.g., unconsciousness, collapse, etc.), infusion rates of epoprostenol for injection should be adjusted only under the direction of a physician. In patients receiving lung transplants, doses of epoprostenol were tapered after the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass. 2.3 Administration Epoprostenol for injection, once prepared as directed [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] , is administered by continuous intravenous infusion via a central venous catheter using an ambulatory infusion pump. During initiation of treatment, epoprostenol for injection may be administered peripherally. Infusion sets with an in-line 0.22 micron filter should be used. The ambulatory infusion pump used to administer epoprostenol for injection should: (1) be small and lightweight, (2) be able to adjust infusion rates in 2 ng/kg/min increments, (3) have occlusion, end-of-infusion, and low-battery alarms, (4) be accurate to ±6% of the programmed rate, and (5) be positive pressure-driven (continuous or pulsatile) with intervals between pulses not exceeding 3 minutes at infusion rates used to deliver epoprostenol for injection. The reservoir should be made of polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, or glass. The infusion pump used in the most recent clinical trials was the CADD-1 HFX 5100 (SIMS Deltec). A 60-inch microbore non-DEHP extension set with proximal antisyphon valve, low priming volume (0.9 mL), and in-line 0.22 micron filter was used during clinical trials. To avoid potential interruptions in drug delivery, the patient should have access to a backup infusion pump and intravenous infusion sets. Consider a multi-lumen catheter if other intravenous therapies are routinely administered. 2.4 Reconstitution Epoprostenol for Injection is stable only when reconstituted as directed using Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. Do not reconstitute or mix epoprostenol for injection with any other parenteral medications or solutions prior to or during administration. Each vial is for single-dose only; discard any unused solution. Use after reconstitution and immediate dilution to final concentration Use at room temperature (77°F/25°C) Epoprostenol for Injection solution reconstituted with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, and immediately diluted to the final concentration in the drug delivery reservoir can be administered at room temperature per the conditions of use as outlined in Table 1. Table 1: Maximum Duration of Administration (hours) at Room Temperature (77°F/25°C) of Fully Diluted Solutions in the Drug Delivery Reservoir Short excursions at 104°F (40°C) are permitted for up to: 2 hours for concentrations below 15,000 ng/mL 4 hours for concentrations between 15,000 ng/mL and 60,000 ng/mL 8 hours for concentrations above 60,000 ng/mL Final concentration range Immediate administration If stored for up to 8 days at 36° to 46°F (2° to 8°C) 0.5 mg vial ≥3,000 ng/mL and <15,000 ng/mL 48 hours 24 hours 1.5 mg vial ≥15,000 ng/mL and <60,000 ng/mL 48 hours 48 hours ≥60,000 ng/mL 72 hours 48 hours Use at higher temperatures >77°F up to 104°F (>25° to 40°C) Temperatures greater than 77°F and up to 86°F (>25 ° C to 30°C): A single reservoir of fully diluted solution of 60,000 ng/mL or above of epoprostenol for injection prepared as directed can be administered (either immediately or after up to 8 days storage at 36° to 46°F (2° to 8°C)) for up to 48 hours. For diluted solutions of less than 60,000 ng/mL, pump reservoirs should be changed every 24 hours. Temperatures up to 104°F (40 ° C): Fully diluted solutions of 60,000 ng/mL or above of epoprostenol for injection, prepared as directed, can be immediately administered for periods up to 24 hours. Do not expose this solution to direct sunlight. A concentration for the solution of epoprostenol for injection should be selected that is compatible with the infusion pump being used with respect to minimum and maximum flow rates, reservoir capacity, and the infusion pump criteria listed above. Epoprostenol for injection, when administered chronically, should be prepared in a drug delivery reservoir appropriate for the infusion pump. Outlined in Table 2 are directions for preparing different concentrations of epoprostenol for injection. Each vial is for single-dose; discard any unused solution. Table 2: Reconstitution and Dilution Instructions To make 100 mL of solution with Final Concentration (ng/mL) of: Directions: Using the 0.5 mg vial 3,000 ng/mL Dissolve contents of one 0.5 mg vial with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. Withdraw 3 mL of the vial contents and add to a sufficient volume of the identical diluent to make a total of 100 mL. 5,000 ng/mL Dissolve contents of one 0.5 mg vial with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. Withdraw entire vial contents and add to a sufficient volume of the identical diluent to make a total of 100 mL. 10,000 ng/mL Dissolve contents of two 0.5 mg vials each with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. Withdraw entire vial contents and add to a sufficient volume of the identical diluent to make a total of 100 mL. Using the 1.5 mg vial 15,000 ng/mL Higher concentrations may be prepared for patients who receive epoprostenol for injection long-term. Dissolve contents of one 1.5 mg vial with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. Withdraw entire vial contents and add to a sufficient volume of the identical diluent to make a total of 100 mL. 30,000 ng/mL Dissolve contents of two 1.5 mg vials each with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. Withdraw entire vial contents and add to a sufficient volume of the identical diluent to make a total of 100 mL. Infusion rates may be calculated using the following formula: Tables 3 to 7 provide infusion delivery rates for doses up to 16 ng/kg/min based upon patient weight, drug delivery rate, and concentration of the solution of epoprostenol for injection to be used. These tables may be used to select the most appropriate concentration of epoprostenol for injection that will result in an infusion rate between the minimum and maximum flow rates of the infusion pump and that will allow the desired duration of infusion from a given reservoir volume. For infusion/dose rates lower than those listed in Tables 3 to 7, it is recommended that the pump rate be set by a healthcare professional such that steady state is achieved in the patient, keeping in mind the half-life of epoprostenol is no more than six minutes. Higher infusion rates, and therefore, more concentrated solutions may be necessary with long-term administration of epoprostenol for injection. Table 3: Infusion Rates for Epoprostenol for Injection at a Concentration of 3,000 ng/mL Patient weight (kg) Dose or Drug Delivery Rate (ng/kg/min) 2 3 4 5 Infusion Delivery Rate (mL/hr) 20 --- 1.2 1.6 2 30 1.2 1.8 2.4 3 40 1.6 2.4 3.2 4 50 2 3 4 --- 60 2.4 3.6 --- --- 70 2.8 --- --- --- 80 3.2 --- --- --- 90 3.6 --- --- --- 100 4 --- --- --- Table 4: Infusion Rates for Epoprostenol for Injection at a Concentration of 5,000 ng/mL Patient weight (kg) Dose or Drug Delivery Rate (ng/kg/min) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Infusion Delivery Rate (mL/hr) 20 --- 1 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 30 --- 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.6 --- --- 40 1 1.9 2.9 3.8 --- --- --- 50 1.2 2.4 3.6 --- --- --- --- 60 1.4 2.9 --- --- --- --- --- 70 1.7 3.4 --- --- --- --- --- 80 1.9 3.8 --- --- --- --- --- 90 2.2 --- --- --- --- --- --- 100 2.4 --- --- --- --- --- --- Table 5: Infusion Rates for Epoprostenol for Injection at a Concentration of 10,000 ng/mL Patient weight (kg) Dose or Drug Delivery Rate (ng/kg/min) 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Infusion Delivery Rate (mL/hr) 20 --- --- 1 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 30 --- 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.9 40 1 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.8 50 1.2 1.8 2.4 3 3.6 --- --- 60 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.6 --- --- --- 70 1.7 2.5 3.4 --- --- --- --- 80 1.9 2.9 3.8 --- --- --- --- 90 2.2 3.2 --- --- --- --- --- 100 2.4 3.6 --- --- --- --- --- Table 6: Infusion Rates for Epoprostenol for Injection at a Concentration of 15,000 ng/mL Patient weight (kg) Dose or Drug Delivery Rate (ng/kg/min) 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Infusion Delivery Rate (mL/hr) 20 --- --- --- --- 1 1.1 1.3 30 --- --- 1 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 40 --- 1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 50 --- 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 60 1 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.8 70 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.4 3.9 --- 80 1.3 1.9 2.6 3.2 3.8 --- --- 90 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.6 --- --- --- 100 1.6 2.4 3.2 4 --- --- --- Table 7: Infusion Rates for Epoprostenol for Injection at a Concentration of 30,000 ng/mL Patient weight (kg) Dose or Drug Delivery Rate (ng/kg/min) 6 8 10 12 14 16 30 --- --- --- --- --- 1 40 --- --- --- 1 1.1 1.3 50 --- --- 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 60 --- 1 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 70 --- 1.1 1.4 1.7 2 2.2 80 1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 90 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.9 100 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 Infusion Rate Formula"],"spl_product_data_elements":["EPOPROSTENOL EPOPROSTENOL EPOPROSTENOL epoprostenol ARGININE SUCROSE SODIUM HYDROXIDE EPOPROSTENOL EPOPROSTENOL EPOPROSTENOL epoprostenol ARGININE SUCROSE SODIUM HYDROXIDE"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Epoprostenol for Injection contains epoprostenol sodium equivalent to 0.5 mg (500,000 ng) or 1.5 mg (1,500,000 ng) epoprostenol and is supplied as a sterile lyophilized powder or cake in a 10 mL vial. Injection: 10 mL single-dose vial with 0.5 mg (500,000 ng) or 1.5 mg (1,500,000 ng) epoprostenol for injection. ( 3 )"],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Limited published data from case series and case reports with epoprostenol have not established a drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when used during pregnancy. There are risks to the mother and fetus from untreated pulmonary arterial hypertension ( see Clinical Considerations ). In animal reproduction studies, pregnant rats and rabbits received epoprostenol sodium during organogenesis at exposures of 2.5 and 4.8 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), respectively, and there was no effect on the fetus ( see Data ). The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk Pregnant women with untreated pulmonary arterial hypertension are at risk for heart failure, stroke, preterm delivery, and maternal and fetal death. Data Animal Data Embryo-fetal development studies have been performed in rats and rabbits during organogenesis. Epoprostenol sodium doses up to 100 mcg/kg/day, a dose that was maternally toxic in rabbits but not in rats, (600 mcg/m 2 /day in rats, 2.5 times the MRHD, and 1,180 mcg/m 2 /day in rabbits, 4.8 times the MRHD based on body surface area), had no effect on the fetus. In a postnatal development study, epoprostenol sodium was administered subcutaneously to female rats for 2 weeks prior to mating through weaning and to male rats for 60 days prior to and through mating at a male and female toxic dose of up to 100 mcg/kg/day (600 mcg/m 2 /day, 2.5 times the MRHD based on body surface area). There was no effect on growth and development of the offspring. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of epoprostenol in either human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effect on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for epoprostenol and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from epoprostenol or from the underlying maternal condition. 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. 8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of epoprostenol in pulmonary hypertension did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy."],"dosage_and_administration_table":["
Table 1: Maximum Duration of Administration (hours) at Room Temperature (77°F/25°C) of Fully Diluted Solutions in the Drug Delivery ReservoirShort excursions at 104°F (40°C) are permitted for up to: 2 hours for concentrations below 15,000 ng/mL 4 hours for concentrations between 15,000 ng/mL and 60,000 ng/mL 8 hours for concentrations above 60,000 ng/mL
Final concentration range Immediate administrationIf stored for up to 8 days at 36° to 46°F (2° to 8°C)
0.5 mg vial
≥3,000 ng/mL and <15,000 ng/mL 48 hours24 hours
1.5 mg vial
≥15,000 ng/mL and <60,000 ng/mL 48 hours48 hours
≥60,000 ng/mL 72 hours48 hours
","
Table 2: Reconstitution and Dilution Instructions
To make 100 mL of solution with Final Concentration (ng/mL) of: Directions:
Using the 0.5 mg vial
3,000 ng/mLDissolve contents of one 0.5 mg vial with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. Withdraw 3 mL of the vial contents and add to a sufficient volume of the identical diluent to make a total of 100 mL.
5,000 ng/mL Dissolve contents of one 0.5 mg vial with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP.Withdraw entire vial contents and add to a sufficient volume of the identical diluent to make a total of 100 mL.
10,000 ng/mLDissolve contents of two 0.5 mg vials each with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP.Withdraw entire vial contents and add to a sufficient volume of the identical diluent to make a total of 100 mL.
Using the 1.5 mg vial
15,000 ng/mLHigher concentrations may be prepared for patients who receive epoprostenol for injection long-term.Dissolve contents of one 1.5 mg vial with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP.Withdraw entire vial contents and add to a sufficient volume of the identical diluent to make a total of 100 mL.
30,000 ng/mLDissolve contents of two 1.5 mg vials each with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride 0.9% Injection, USP. Withdraw entire vial contents and add to a sufficient volume of the identical diluent to make a total of 100 mL.
","
Table 3: Infusion Rates for Epoprostenol for Injection at a Concentration of 3,000 ng/mL
Patient weight (kg)Dose or Drug Delivery Rate (ng/kg/min)
2345
Infusion Delivery Rate (mL/hr)
20---1.21.62
301.21.82.43
401.62.43.24
50234---
602.43.6------
702.8---------
803.2---------
903.6---------
1004---------
","
Table 4: Infusion Rates for Epoprostenol for Injection at a Concentration of 5,000 ng/mL
Patient weight (kg)Dose or Drug Delivery Rate (ng/kg/min)
2468101214
Infusion Delivery Rate (mL/hr)
20---11.41.92.42.93.4
30---1.42.22.93.6------
4011.92.93.8---------
501.22.43.6------------
601.42.9---------------
701.73.4---------------
801.93.8---------------
902.2------------------
1002.4------------------
","
Table 5: Infusion Rates for Epoprostenol for Injection at a Concentration of 10,000 ng/mL
Patient weight (kg)Dose or Drug Delivery Rate (ng/kg/min)
46810121416
Infusion Delivery Rate (mL/hr)
20------11.21.41.71.9
30---1.11.41.82.22.52.9
4011.41.92.42.93.43.8
501.21.82.433.6------
601.42.22.93.6---------
701.72.53.4------------
801.92.93.8------------
902.23.2---------------
1002.43.6---------------
","
Table 6: Infusion Rates for Epoprostenol for Injection at a Concentration of 15,000 ng/mL
Patient weight (kg)Dose or Drug Delivery Rate (ng/kg/min)
46810121416
Infusion Delivery Rate (mL/hr)
20------------11.11.3
30------11.21.41.71.9
40---11.31.61.92.22.6
50---1.21.622.42.83.2
6011.41.92.42.93.43.8
701.11.72.22.83.43.9---
801.31.92.63.23.8------
901.42.22.93.6---------
1001.62.43.24---------
","
Table 7: Infusion Rates for Epoprostenol for Injection at a Concentration of 30,000 ng/mL
Patient weight (kg)Dose or Drug Delivery Rate (ng/kg/min)
6810121416
30---------------1
40---------11.11.3
50------11.21.41.6
60---11.21.41.71.9
70---1.11.41.722.2
8011.31.61.92.22.6
901.11.41.82.22.52.9
1001.21.622.42.83.2
"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL – 0.5 mg NDC 67457-587-10 Epoprostenol for Injection 0.5 mg (500,000 ng)/vial For Intravenous Infusion Only Sterile, Lyophilized Product Discard Unused Portion Mylan ® Rx only Single-Dose Vial Contents: Each vial contains epoprostenol sodium equivalent to 0.5 mg (500,000 ng) epoprostenol, 100 mg sucrose, 50 mg arginine, and sodium hydroxide to adjust pH. Usual Dosage: See full prescribing information. Storage: Store lyophilized product at 20º to 25ºC (68º to 77ºF) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature] and protect from light. See full prescribing information for dilution instructions and room temperature storage stability of solutions. Manufactured for: Mylan Institutional LLC Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A. Made in India Code No.: TN/DRUGS/TN00003234 Epoprostenol for Injection 0.5 mg Carton Label","PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL – 1.5 mg NDC 67457-588-10 Epoprostenol for Injection 1.5 mg (1,500,000 ng)/vial For Intravenous Infusion Only Sterile, Lyophilized Product Discard Unused Portion Mylan ® Rx only Single-Dose Vial Contents: Each vial contains epoprostenol sodium equivalent to 1.5 mg (1,500,000 ng) epoprostenol, 100 mg sucrose, 50 mg arginine, and sodium hydroxide to adjust pH. Usual Dosage: See full prescribing information. Storage: Store lyophilized product at 20º to 25ºC (68º to 77ºF) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature] and protect from light. See full prescribing information for dilution instructions and room temperature storage stability of solutions. Manufactured for: Mylan Institutional LLC Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A. Made in India Code No.: TN/DRUGS/TN00003234 Epoprostenol for Injection 1.5 mg Carton Label"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential. A micronucleus test in rats revealed no evidence of mutagenicity. The Ames test and DNA elution tests were also negative, although the instability of epoprostenol makes the significance of these tests uncertain. Fertility was not impaired in rats given epoprostenol by subcutaneous injection at doses up to 100 mcg/kg/day (600 mcg/m 2 /day, 2.5 times the recommended human dose [4.6 ng/kg/min or 245.1 mcg/m 2 /day, IV] based on body surface area)."]},"tags":[{"label":"Prostacycline Vasodilator","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Prostacyclin receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"PTGIR","category":"gene"},{"label":"PTGER4","category":"gene"},{"label":"PTGER1","category":"gene"},{"label":"B01AC09","category":"atc"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Mature","category":"status"},{"label":"Allergic rhinitis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Common cold","category":"indication"},{"label":"Cough","category":"indication"},{"label":"Nasal congestion","category":"indication"},{"label":"Nasal discharge","category":"indication"},{"label":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension","category":"indication"},{"label":"Actelion","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1990s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Antihypertensive Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Hematologic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"llr":4610.55,"date":"","count":1765,"signal":"Pain in jaw","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 1,765 times (LLR=4611)"},{"llr":2555.134,"date":"","count":656,"signal":"Catheter site erythema","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 656 times (LLR=2555)"},{"llr":2299.389,"date":"","count":560,"signal":"Catheter management","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 560 times (LLR=2299)"},{"llr":1907.914,"date":"","count":867,"signal":"Device related infection","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 867 times (LLR=1908)"},{"llr":1907.608,"date":"","count":441,"signal":"Catheter site pruritus","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 441 times (LLR=1908)"},{"llr":1817.848,"date":"","count":726,"signal":"Right ventricular failure","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 726 times (LLR=1818)"},{"llr":1771.659,"date":"","count":1141,"signal":"Flushing","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 1,141 times (LLR=1772)"},{"llr":1477.138,"date":"","count":931,"signal":"Fluid retention","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 931 times (LLR=1477)"},{"llr":1416.358,"date":"","count":353,"signal":"Catheter site discharge","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 353 times (LLR=1416)"},{"llr":1344.479,"date":"","count":405,"signal":"Catheter site pain","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 405 times (LLR=1344)"},{"llr":1285.847,"date":"","count":2851,"signal":"Dyspnoea","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 2,851 times (LLR=1286)"},{"llr":1281.546,"date":"","count":409,"signal":"Catheter site infection","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 409 times (LLR=1282)"},{"llr":1232.589,"date":"","count":893,"signal":"Dyspnoea exertional","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 893 times (LLR=1233)"},{"llr":1171.507,"date":"","count":291,"signal":"Device alarm issue","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 291 times (LLR=1172)"},{"llr":1103.575,"date":"","count":335,"signal":"Lung transplant","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 335 times (LLR=1104)"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Flushing","drugRate":"58%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"49%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Nausea/vomiting","drugRate":"32%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Hypotension","drugRate":"16%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Anxiety, nervousness, agitation","drugRate":"11%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Chest pain","drugRate":"11%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Dizziness","drugRate":"8%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Bradycardia","drugRate":"5%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Abdominal pain","drugRate":"5%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Musculoskeletal pain","drugRate":"3%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Dyspnea","drugRate":"2%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Back pain","drugRate":"2%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Sweating","drugRate":"1%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Dyspepsia","drugRate":"1%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Hypesthesia/paresthesia","drugRate":"1%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""},{"effect":"Tachycardia","drugRate":"1%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":""}],"contraindications":["Blood coagulation disorder","Chronic heart failure","Pulmonary edema"],"specialPopulations":{"Lactation":"There are no data on the presence of epoprostenol in either human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effect on milk production.The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mothers clinical need for VELETRI and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from epoprostenol or from the underlying maternal condition.","Pregnancy":"Limited published data from case series and case reports with epoprostenol have not established drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when used during pregnancy. There are risks to the mother and fetus from untreated pulmonary arterial hypertension (see Clinical Considerations). In animal reproduction studies, pregnant rats and rabbits received epoprostenol sodium during organogenesis at exposures of 2.5 and 4.8 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), respectively, and there was no effect on the fetus (see Data).The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.","Geriatric use":"Clinical trials of epoprostenol in pulmonary hypertension did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased renal function and concomitant disease or other drug therapy.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"AstraZeneca","patents":[{"applNo":"N022260","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Feb 2, 2027","useCode":"","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"8598227","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N022260","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Mar 15, 2027","useCode":"","territory":"US","drugProduct":true,"patentNumber":"8318802","drugSubstance":false}],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=EPOPROSTENOL","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:21.281582+00:00"},"patents":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Orange Book","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_orange_book","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:21.281514+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:26.982466+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=EPOPROSTENOL","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:27.274563+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:20.027849+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:20.027884+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:20.027891+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Prostanoid IP receptor agonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:28.557067+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL962/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:28.059632+00:00"},"safety.commonSideEffects":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"6 ADVERSE REACTIONS • Most common adverse reactions during: - Dose Initiation and Escalation: Nausea, vomiting, headache, hypotension, flushing, chest pain, anxiety, dizziness, bradycardia, dyspnea, abdominal pain, musculoskeletal pain, and tachycardia ( 6.1 ) - Chronic Dosing: Headache, jaw pain, flushing, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, flu-like symptoms, and anxiety/nervousness ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Mylan at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-","confidence":0.95,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:52.905266+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA213913","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:20.027894+00:00"}},"allNames":"flolan","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["epoprostenol","epoprostenol sodium","prostacyclin","vasocyclin","Prostaglandin I2"],"timeline":[{"date":"1995-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from GLAXOSMITHKLINE LLC to Actelion"},{"date":"1995-09-20","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Glaxosmithkline Llc)"},{"date":"2008-04-23","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 1 manufacturer approved"}],"aiSummary":"Flolan (Epoprostenol) is a prostacycline vasodilator that targets the prostacyclin receptor. It is a small molecule drug that was originally developed by GlaxoSmithKline LLC and is currently owned by Actelion. Flolan is FDA-approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary hypertension, and is also used to treat various respiratory conditions such as allergic rhinitis and the common cold. The commercial status of Flolan is not explicitly stated, but it is available from generic manufacturers. Key safety considerations include the need for continuous intravenous administration and potential side effects such as flushing and headache.","approvals":[{"date":"1995-09-20","orphan":true,"company":"GLAXOSMITHKLINE LLC","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Flolan","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Allergic rhinitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acrivastine","slug":"acrivastine","company":"Auxilium Pharms Inc"},{"name":"alimemazine","slug":"alimemazine","company":"Allergan Herbert"},{"name":"antazoline","slug":"antazoline","company":"Novartis"},{"name":"astemizole","slug":"astemizole","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Common cold","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetylsalicylic acid","slug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"acrivastine","slug":"acrivastine","company":"Auxilium Pharms Inc"},{"name":"ammonium chloride","slug":"ammonium-chloride","company":"B Braun"},{"name":"azatadine","slug":"azatadine","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Cough","otherDrugs":[{"name":"ammonium chloride","slug":"ammonium-chloride","company":"B Braun"},{"name":"benzocaine","slug":"benzocaine","company":""},{"name":"benzonatate","slug":"benzonatate","company":"Pfizer"},{"name":"bromazine","slug":"bromazine","company":"Forest Labs"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Nasal congestion","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acrivastine","slug":"acrivastine","company":"Auxilium Pharms Inc"},{"name":"alimemazine","slug":"alimemazine","company":"Allergan Herbert"},{"name":"ammonium chloride","slug":"ammonium-chloride","company":"B Braun"},{"name":"antazoline","slug":"antazoline","company":"Novartis"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Nasal discharge","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acrivastine","slug":"acrivastine","company":"Auxilium Pharms Inc"},{"name":"alimemazine","slug":"alimemazine","company":"Allergan Herbert"},{"name":"ammonium chloride","slug":"ammonium-chloride","company":"B Braun"},{"name":"antazoline","slug":"antazoline","company":"Novartis"}],"globalPrevalence":30000000},{"indication":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension","otherDrugs":[{"name":"ambrisentan","slug":"ambrisentan","company":"Gilead"},{"name":"bosentan","slug":"bosentan","company":"Actelion Pharms Ltd"},{"name":"iloprost","slug":"iloprost","company":"Actelion Pharms Ltd"},{"name":"macitentan","slug":"macitentan","company":"Actelion Pharms Ltd"}],"globalPrevalence":1280000000},{"indication":"Pulmonary hypertension","otherDrugs":[{"name":"bosentan","slug":"bosentan","company":"Actelion Pharms Ltd"},{"name":"nitric oxide","slug":"nitric-oxide","company":"Ino"},{"name":"tadalafil","slug":"tadalafil","company":"Lilly"}],"globalPrevalence":1280000000},{"indication":"Rhinitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"beclometasone dipropionate","slug":"beclometasone-dipropionate","company":""},{"name":"clofedanol","slug":"clofedanol","company":""},{"name":"codeine","slug":"codeine","company":"Ani Pharms"},{"name":"dextromethorphan","slug":"dextromethorphan","company":"Ani Pharms"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Prostacyclin receptor","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"PTGIR","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Prostacyclin receptor","protein":"Prostacyclin receptor"},{"gene":"PTGER4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype","protein":"Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype"},{"gene":"PTGER1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype","protein":"Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype"},{"gene":"P2RY12","source":"DrugCentral","target":"P2Y purinoceptor 12","protein":"P2Y purinoceptor 12"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Prostacycline Vasodilator [EPC]","explanation":"Epoprostenol has major pharmacological actions: (1) direct vasodilation of pulmonary and systemic arterial vascular beds, and (2) inhibition of platelet aggregation.","oneSentence":"Flolan works by binding to the prostacyclin receptor, causing blood vessels to relax and dilate.","technicalDetail":"Flolan (Epoprostenol) is a prostacyclin analogue that selectively binds to the IP receptor, activating adenylate cyclase and increasing intracellular cyclic AMP levels, leading to vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation.","_target_confidence":0.5},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1995","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1995-09-20, GLAXOSMITHKLINE LLC)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1034","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=EPOPROSTENOL","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=EPOPROSTENOL","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T10:59:38.144309","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":1,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:19:54.281775+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"clopidogrel","drugSlug":"clopidogrel","fdaApproval":"1997-11-17","genericCount":23,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ticlopidine","drugSlug":"ticlopidine","fdaApproval":"1991-10-31","genericCount":8,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"acetylsalicylic acid","drugSlug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","fdaApproval":"1950-04-12","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"dipyridamole","drugSlug":"dipyridamole","fdaApproval":"1961-12-06","genericCount":17,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"iloprost","drugSlug":"iloprost","fdaApproval":"2004-12-29","patentExpiry":"Jul 18, 2044","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"abciximab","drugSlug":"abciximab","fdaApproval":"1993-12-16","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"eptifibatide","drugSlug":"eptifibatide","fdaApproval":"1998-05-18","genericCount":13,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"tirofiban","drugSlug":"tirofiban","fdaApproval":"1998-05-14","genericCount":3,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"treprostinil","drugSlug":"treprostinil","fdaApproval":"2002-05-21","patentExpiry":"Sep 5, 2028","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"prasugrel","drugSlug":"prasugrel","fdaApproval":"2009-07-10","genericCount":10,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"cilostazol","drugSlug":"cilostazol","fdaApproval":"1999-01-15","genericCount":12,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ticagrelor","drugSlug":"ticagrelor","fdaApproval":"2011-07-20","patentExpiry":"Oct 17, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"cangrelor","drugSlug":"cangrelor","fdaApproval":"2015-06-22","patentExpiry":"Nov 10, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"vorapaxar","drugSlug":"vorapaxar","fdaApproval":"2014-05-08","patentExpiry":"Dec 23, 2027","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"selexipag","drugSlug":"selexipag","fdaApproval":"2015-12-21","patentExpiry":"Oct 31, 2026","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"epoprostenol","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Allergic rhinitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":61582004,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Common cold","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":82272006,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Cough","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":49727002,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Nasal congestion","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":68235000,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Nasal discharge","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":64531003,"regulator":"FDA","usPrevalence":null,"globalPrevalence":30000000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 2023 (PMID:36824394)"},{"name":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":11399002,"regulator":"FDA","usPrevalence":119900000,"globalPrevalence":1280000000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"WHO, 2023"},{"name":"Pulmonary hypertension","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":70995007,"regulator":"FDA","usPrevalence":119900000,"globalPrevalence":1280000000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"WHO, 2023"},{"name":"Rhinitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":70076002,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"currentOwner":"Actelion","drugCategory":"mature","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"clopidogrel","brandName":"clopidogrel","genericName":"clopidogrel","approvalYear":"1997","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"ticlopidine","brandName":"ticlopidine","genericName":"ticlopidine","approvalYear":"1991","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"acetylsalicylic-acid","brandName":"acetylsalicylic acid","genericName":"acetylsalicylic acid","approvalYear":"1950","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"dipyridamole","brandName":"dipyridamole","genericName":"dipyridamole","approvalYear":"1961","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"iloprost","brandName":"iloprost","genericName":"iloprost","approvalYear":"2004","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"abciximab","brandName":"abciximab","genericName":"abciximab","approvalYear":"1993","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"eptifibatide","brandName":"eptifibatide","genericName":"eptifibatide","approvalYear":"1998","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"tirofiban","brandName":"tirofiban","genericName":"tirofiban","approvalYear":"1998","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"treprostinil","brandName":"treprostinil","genericName":"treprostinil","approvalYear":"2002","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"prasugrel","brandName":"prasugrel","genericName":"prasugrel","approvalYear":"2009","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT03626688","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Ralinepag to Improve Treatment Outcomes in PAH Patients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"United Therapeutics","startDate":"2018-08-30","conditions":["PAH","Pulmonary Hypertension","Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","Hypertension","Connective Tissue Diseases","Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension","Vascular Diseases","Cardiovascular Diseases","Hypertension, Pulmonary","Lung Diseases","Respiratory Tract Disease"],"enrollment":687,"completionDate":"2025-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT07450469","phase":"","title":"Field Study on Intravenous Iloprost for Treatment of Severe Frostbite at High Altitude","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine","startDate":"2026-05","conditions":["Frostbite","Altitude","Field Physician Care"],"enrollment":10,"completionDate":"2028-05"},{"nctId":"NCT07453030","phase":"","title":"Long-Term Outcomes of Selexipag in Schistosomiasis-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Caio Júlio César dos Santos Fernandes","startDate":"2026-03-01","conditions":["Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)"],"enrollment":30,"completionDate":"2027-03-01"},{"nctId":"NCT06969573","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Inhaled Treprostinil for Dyspnea and Exercise Intolerance in Mild COPD","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Alberta","startDate":"2025-06-05","conditions":["COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)"],"enrollment":20,"completionDate":"2026-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT03683186","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Study Evaluating the Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Ralinepag in Subjects With PAH Via an Open-Label Extension","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"United Therapeutics","startDate":"2019-09-23","conditions":["PAH","Pulmonary Hypertension","Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","Hypertension","Connective Tissue Diseases","Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension","Vascular Diseases","Cardiovascular Diseases","Hypertension, Pulmonary","Lung Diseases","Respiratory Tract Disease"],"enrollment":1000,"completionDate":"2026-12"},{"nctId":"NCT07424378","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Epoprostenol Plus Conventional Therapy in COld and Frostbite Injury (ECCO)","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Colorado, Denver","startDate":"2026-02","conditions":["Frostbite"],"enrollment":66,"completionDate":"2028-11"},{"nctId":"NCT07356375","phase":"","title":"Patient-Reported Outcomes and Adherence After Transition From Inhaled Iloprost to Oral Selexipag in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Sao Paulo General Hospital","startDate":"2026-03-01","conditions":["Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)"],"enrollment":32,"completionDate":"2026-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT07356778","phase":"PHASE4","title":"A Study of Sotatercept for Patients With Eisenmenger Syndrome or Unrepaired Shunt-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Resistant to 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