{"id":"epithelium-on-riboflavin","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Corneal haze"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Transient epithelial edema"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Postoperative discomfort"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Refractive changes"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"This approach combines riboflavin photosensitization with UVA light to induce collagen cross-linking in the cornea, similar to standard corneal cross-linking (CXL) but maintains the corneal epithelium intact rather than removing it. By preserving the epithelial barrier, the technique aims to reduce postoperative pain, accelerate healing, and maintain corneal clarity while achieving biomechanical strengthening of the stroma.","oneSentence":"Epithelium-on riboflavin uses riboflavin (vitamin B2) with ultraviolet light exposure to strengthen corneal collagen cross-linking while preserving the corneal epithelium.","_ai_confidence":"medium"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T01:11:14.125Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Corneal ectasia (keratoconus, post-refractive surgery ectasia)"},{"name":"Corneal weakening and progressive myopia"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07173907","phase":"","title":"Epi-on CuRV and Epi-off aCXL Protocols in the Management of Keratoconus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Gemini Eye Clinic","startDate":"2016-01-01","conditions":"Keratoconus","enrollment":135},{"nctId":"NCT06967376","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"The Role of Adjuvant Corneal Crosslinking in the Management of Infective Keratitis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Egypt","startDate":"2018-05-21","conditions":"Infective Keratitis","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT06100939","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Epithelium-On Corneal Cross-linking in Subjects 8 to 45 Years of Age With Keratoconus","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Epion Therapeutics","startDate":"2023-10-30","conditions":"Keratoconus","enrollment":400},{"nctId":"NCT06100952","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Epithelium-On Corneal Cross-linking in Subjects 8 to 45 Years of Age with Keratoconus","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Epion Therapeutics","startDate":"2023-11-01","conditions":"Keratoconus","enrollment":400},{"nctId":"NCT06549387","phase":"NA","title":"Topo-Pachymetric Customized Accelerated Epi-On Vs Accelerated Epi-Off Corneal Cross Linking in Keratoconus Management","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Kasr El Aini Hospital","startDate":"2024-08-15","conditions":"Amount of Corneal Flattening (Kmax Flattening), Change in the Endothelial Cell Count","enrollment":55},{"nctId":"NCT04532788","phase":"NA","title":"Efficacy of Customized Corneal Cross-linking vs. Standard Corneal Cross-linking","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Maastricht University Medical Center","startDate":"2021-03-01","conditions":"Keratoconus","enrollment":124},{"nctId":"NCT03041883","phase":"NA","title":"Corneal Collagen Crosslinking to Increase the Resistance of the Support Graft of the KPro Type I Against Corneal Melting","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)","startDate":"2017-01-04","conditions":"Corneal Melting in Boston Keratoprosthesis Type I","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT06267495","phase":"","title":"Epithelium-on Cross-linking Versus Observation of Fellow Eyes of Patients With Unilateral Clinically Evident Keratoconus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Assiut University","startDate":"2017-01-01","conditions":"Keratoconus","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT03442751","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Epi-on Corneal Cross-linking in Eyes With Progressive Keratoconus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Glaukos Corporation","startDate":"2018-04-06","conditions":"Progressive Keratoconus","enrollment":201},{"nctId":"NCT04668924","phase":"NA","title":"Epi-on PiXL for the Treatment of Progressive Keratoconus.","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Umeå University","startDate":"2019-03-20","conditions":"Keratoconus, Corneal Crosslinking, Corneal Densitometry","enrollment":32},{"nctId":"NCT03990506","phase":"NA","title":"Photorefractive Intrastromal Crosslinking (PiXL) for the Treatment of Progressive Keratoconus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Umeå University","startDate":"2019-04-02","conditions":"Keratoconus, Corneal Crosslinking, Corneal Biomechanics","enrollment":32},{"nctId":"NCT05691335","phase":"NA","title":"Three Different Cross-linking Protocols for Treatment of Pediatric Keratoconus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Sohag University","startDate":"2018-06-01","conditions":"Corneal Ectasia","enrollment":97},{"nctId":"NCT04584125","phase":"NA","title":"A Randomized Clinical Trial of Ex Vivo Corneal Cross-Linking of Donor Keratoplasty Tissue for Keratoconus Used for Keratoplasty in Keratoconus Patients","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Joseph B. Ciolino, MD","startDate":"2023-12-01","conditions":"Keratoconus","enrollment":216},{"nctId":"NCT01708538","phase":"PHASE3","title":"The Effects of Corneal Collagen Cross-linking","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Rush Eye Associates","startDate":"2012-10","conditions":"Corneal Ectasia Disorders Including Keratoconus","enrollment":30},{"nctId":"NCT04504578","phase":"NA","title":"Efficacy and Safety ofCACXL in the Treatment of Keratoconus With Thin Corneas","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Kasr El Aini Hospital","startDate":"2018-01-01","conditions":"Progressive Keratoconus","enrollment":30},{"nctId":"NCT03245853","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Epi-On Corneal Crosslinking for Keratoconus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Comprehensive EyeCare of Central Ohio","startDate":"2017-07-18","conditions":"Keratoconus, Keratoconus, Unstable","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT01868620","phase":"NA","title":"Non-inferiority Trial of Iontophoretic Corneal Collagen Crosslinking (CXL) Compared to Standard Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Progressive Keratoconus.","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"University Hospital, Toulouse","startDate":"2013-05","conditions":"Progressive Keratoconus","enrollment":28},{"nctId":"NCT03879421","phase":"NA","title":"Evaluation of the Keratoconic Cornea After Corneal Collagen Cross Linking.","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Reham Mahmoud Abdelrahman","startDate":"2016-10-01","conditions":"Keratoconus","enrollment":44},{"nctId":"NCT03858036","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking (CXL) Performed With \"Epi-ON\" Versus \"Epi-OFF\" in Eyes With Keratoconus and Other Corneal Ectatic Disorders","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Center for Sight, Sacramento, CA","startDate":"2019-03-08","conditions":"Keratoconus, Ectasia","enrollment":550},{"nctId":"NCT03753009","phase":"","title":"Iontophoretic Transepithelial Collagen Cross-linking Versus Epithelium-off Collagen Cross-linking in Pediatric Patients. Three Year Follow up.","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Bambino Gesù Hospital and Research Institute","startDate":"2013-01-01","conditions":"Keratoconus","enrollment":28},{"nctId":"NCT03080077","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Corneal Crosslinking (CXL): Keratoconus and Post-Refractive Ectasia","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","startDate":"2016-06","conditions":"Keratoconus, Ectasia","enrollment":8},{"nctId":"NCT02865876","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Effectiveness of Corneal Accelerated Crosslinking for Infectious Keratitis","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación Conde de Valenciana","startDate":"2015-06","conditions":"Keratitis","enrollment":264},{"nctId":"NCT02867176","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Pain Management in Corneal Collagen Crosslinking for Keratoconus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación Conde de Valenciana","startDate":"2016-01","conditions":"Pain","enrollment":25},{"nctId":"NCT02762253","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Photochemically Induced Collagen Cross-Linking in Eyes With Keratoconus.","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Nvision Laser Eye Centers","startDate":"2012-09","conditions":"Keratoconus","enrollment":320},{"nctId":"NCT02721628","phase":"NA","title":"Epi-keratoplasty Versus Collagen Cross-Linking in Progressive Keratoconus","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Sun Yat-sen University","startDate":"2015-09","conditions":"Progressive Keratoconus","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT02638376","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of the KXL System for Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking in Eyes Having Keratoconus","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","startDate":"2013-03","conditions":"Keratoconus, Post LASIK Keratectasia","enrollment":66},{"nctId":"NCT02349165","phase":"NA","title":"Standard Versus Transepithelial Corneal Crosslinking","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Nienke Soeters","startDate":"2011-05","conditions":"Keratoconus","enrollment":61},{"nctId":"NCT02095730","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Corneal Cross-Linking Comparing Variables","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Crowd Health Research, LTD","startDate":"2014-05","conditions":"Unstable Corneas","enrollment":500}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":51,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":["Vitamin B2"],"phase":"phase_3","status":"active","brandName":"Epithelium-On Riboflavin","genericName":"Epithelium-On Riboflavin","companyName":"Crowd Health Research, LTD","companyId":"crowd-health-research-ltd","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Epithelium-on riboflavin uses riboflavin (vitamin B2) with ultraviolet light exposure to strengthen corneal collagen cross-linking while preserving the corneal epithelium. Used for Corneal ectasia (keratoconus, post-refractive surgery ectasia), Corneal weakening and progressive myopia.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}