{"id":"efaproxiral","rwe":[{"pmid":"41567365","year":"2026","title":"Pan-cancer gene signature analysis of macrophage polarization and compound prediction for reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages toward M1-like macrophages.","finding":"","journal":"Cancer pathogenesis and therapy","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"38552291","year":"2024","title":"Unveiling biomarkers and therapeutic targets in IgA nephropathy through large-scale blood transcriptome analysis.","finding":"","journal":"International immunopharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"35458626","year":"2022","title":"Phenoxyaromatic Acid Analogues as Novel Radiotherapy Sensitizers: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.","finding":"","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"34913467","year":"2022","title":"Genetic variation in haemoglobin is associated with evolved changes in breathing in high-altitude deer mice.","finding":"","journal":"The Journal of experimental biology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"34600771","year":"2022","title":"Hemoglobin allostery and pharmacology.","finding":"","journal":"Molecular aspects of medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"efaproxiral","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"L01XD06","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Antisickling Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Hematologic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Radiation-Sensitizing Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"discontinued","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":["efaproxiral sodium","efaproxiral"],"offLabel":[],"synonyms":["efaproxiral sodium","efaproxiral"],"timeline":[],"approvals":[],"ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"efaproxiral","explanation":"Imagine your body's oxygen delivery system like a delivery truck. EFAPROXIRAL helps fix a problem with the truck's cargo, allowing it to carry more oxygen to where it's needed. This can be especially important in situations where oxygen levels are low, such as during certain medical treatments.","oneSentence":"EFAPROXIRAL works by binding to and stabilizing hemoglobin, reducing the formation of methemoglobin and improving oxygen delivery to tissues.","technicalDetail":"EFAPROXIRAL binds to hemoglobin, stabilizing the protein and preventing the formation of methemoglobin, which can reduce oxygen delivery to tissues. This action is thought to improve oxygen delivery and reduce tissue hypoxia."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/4465","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=EFAPROXIRAL","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=EFAPROXIRAL","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T10:56:29.672256","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"porfimer","drugSlug":"porfimer","fdaApproval":"1995-12-27","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"methyl aminolevulinate","drugSlug":"methyl-aminolevulinate","fdaApproval":"2004-07-27","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"aminolevulinic acid","drugSlug":"aminolevulinic-acid","fdaApproval":"1999-12-03","patentExpiry":"Oct 15, 2040","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"efaproxiral","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"porfimer","brandName":"porfimer","genericName":"porfimer","approvalYear":"1995","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"methyl-aminolevulinate","brandName":"methyl aminolevulinate","genericName":"methyl aminolevulinate","approvalYear":"2004","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"aminolevulinic-acid","brandName":"aminolevulinic acid","genericName":"aminolevulinic acid","approvalYear":"1999","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT00004202","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Combination Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, and RSR13 in Treating Patients With Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc","startDate":"1998-10","conditions":["Lung Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2003-01"},{"nctId":"NCT00005887","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Radiation Therapy With or Without RSR13 in Treating Patients With Brain Metastases","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc","startDate":"2000-02","conditions":["Metastatic Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2003-01"},{"nctId":"NCT00433472","phase":"NA","title":"MRI in Evaluating the Effect of Efaproxiral on the Brain in Patients With Recurrent or Progressive Glioma Enrolled on Clinical Trial NABTT-9806","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins","startDate":"","conditions":["Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00005855","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Efaproxiral Plus Carmustine in Treating Patients With Progressive or Recurrent Malignant Glioma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy Consortium","startDate":"2000-07","conditions":["Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors"],"enrollment":48,"completionDate":"2006-10"},{"nctId":"NCT00083304","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Whole Brain Radiation Therapy With Oxygen, With or Without RSR13, in Women With Brain Metastases From Breast Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc","startDate":"2004-02","conditions":["Breast Cancer","Metastases"],"enrollment":368,"completionDate":"2007-06"},{"nctId":"NCT00055887","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy With or Without Efaproxiral in Treating Patients With Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc","startDate":"2002-11","conditions":["Lung 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therapeutic targets in IgA nephropathy through large-scale blood transcriptome analysis.","journal":"International immunopharmacology"},{"date":"2022 Apr 9","pmid":"35458626","title":"Phenoxyaromatic Acid Analogues as Novel Radiotherapy Sensitizers: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"date":"2022 Jan 15","pmid":"34913467","title":"Genetic variation in haemoglobin is associated with evolved changes in breathing in high-altitude deer mice.","journal":"The Journal of experimental biology"},{"date":"2022 Apr","pmid":"34600771","title":"Hemoglobin allostery and pharmacology.","journal":"Molecular aspects of medicine"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"discontinued","brandName":"EFAPROXIRAL","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"EFAPROXIRAL is a small molecule drug in the efaproxiral class, originally developed by an unknown entity and currently owned by an unknown entity. Its target and exact mechanism of action are unknown. EFAPROXIRAL has not been approved by the FDA for any indications, and its commercial status, including patent status and generic availability, is also unknown. As a result, there is limited information available on its safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use. Further research is needed to determine the potential benefits and risks of EFAPROXIRAL.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":false,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}