{"id":"echothiophate","rwe":[{"pmid":"38731631","year":"2024","title":"Human Plasma Butyrylcholinesterase Hydrolyzes Atropine: Kinetic and Molecular Modeling Studies.","finding":"","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"30844190","year":"2026","title":"Cholinergic Medications.","finding":"","journal":"","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"30000715","year":"2006","title":"Echothiophate.","finding":"","journal":"","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"32192230","year":"2020","title":"Steady-State Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Echothiophate, a P-S Bonded Organophosphorus as Monitored by Spectrofluorimetry.","finding":"","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"31009643","year":"2019","title":"Computer-designed active human butyrylcholinesterase double mutant with a new catalytic triad.","finding":"","journal":"Chemico-biological interactions","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"66abcfcf-b16e-4181-b1db-96bfba0ab95e","set_id":"8afc8951-db76-4f27-8752-7c0d6aa47244","openfda":{"upc":["0348102053051"],"route":["OPHTHALMIC"],"rxcui":["205739","310049"],"spl_id":["66abcfcf-b16e-4181-b1db-96bfba0ab95e"],"brand_name":["Phospholine Iodide"],"spl_set_id":["8afc8951-db76-4f27-8752-7c0d6aa47244"],"package_ndc":["48102-053-05","48102-054-05","48102-055-05"],"product_ndc":["48102-053"],"generic_name":["ECHOTHIOPHATE IODIDE FOR OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"manufacturer_name":["Fera Pharmaceuticals, LLC"],"application_number":["NDA011963"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"5","warnings":["WARNINGS Succinylcholine should be administered only with great caution, if at all, prior to or during general anesthesia to patients receiving anticholinesterase medication because of possible respiratory or cardiovascular collapse. Caution should be observed in treating elevated IOP with echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution in patients who are at the same time undergoing treatment with systemic anticholinesterase medications, because of possible adverse additive effects."],"pregnancy":["Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution. It is also not known whether echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed."],"description":["DESCRIPTION Chemical name: (2-mercaptoethyl) trimethylammonium iodide O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate Structural formula Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution occurs as a white, crystalline, water-soluble, hygroscopic solid having a slight mercaptan-like odor. When freeze-dried in the presence of potassium acetate, the mixture appears as a white amorphous deposit on the walls of the bottle. Each package contains materials for dispensing 5 mL of eyedrops: (1) bottle containing sterile echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution 6.25 mg (0.125%) with 40 mg potassium acetate. Sodium hydroxide or acetic acid may have been incorporated to adjust pH during manufacturing; (2) a 5 mL bottle of sterile diluent containing chlorobutanol (chloral derivative), 0.55%; mannitol, 1.2%; boric acid, 0.06%; and sodium phosphate, 0.026%; (3) sterilized dropper. Structural Formula"],"precautions":["PRECAUTIONS General Digital compression of the nasolacrimal ducts for a minute or two following instillation to minimize drainage into the nasal chamber is recommended. To prevent possible skin absorption, hands should be washed following instillation. Discontinue use of the medication if cardiac irregularities occur. Anticholinesterase drugs should be used with caution, if at all, in patients with marked vagotonia, bronchial asthma, spastic gastrointestinal disturbances, peptic ulcer, pronounced bradycardia and hypotension, recent myocardial infarction, epilepsy, parkinsonism, and other disorders that may respond adversely to vagotonic effects. Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution should be used with caution, where there is a prior history of retinal detachment. Temporary discontinuance of medication is necessary if salivation, urinary incontinence, diarrhea, profuse sweating, muscle weakness, or respiratory difficulties occur. Patients receiving echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution who are exposed to carbamate- or organophosphate-type insecticides and pesticides should be warned of the additive systemic effects possible from absorption of the pesticide through the respiratory tract or skin. During periods of exposure to such pesticides, the wearing of respiratory masks, and frequent washing and clothing changes may be advisable. Drug Interactions Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution potentiates other cholinesterase inhibitors such as succinylcholine or organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Patients undergoing systemic anticholinesterase treatment should be warned of the possible additive effects of echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No data is available regarding carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and impairment of fertility. Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution. It is also not known whether echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. Nursing Mothers Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have been established. Geriatric Use No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients."],"how_supplied":["HOW SUPPLIED Each package contains sterile echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution, sterile diluent, and dropper for dispensing 5 mL eyedrops. NDC 48102-053-05 ................... 6.25 mg package for 0.125% White amorphous deposit on bottle walls. Aluminum crimp seal is green. HANDLING AND STORAGE: Prior to reconstitution: Store under refrigeration (2°C to 8°C). After reconstitution: Store upright at room temperature (approximately 25°C) (68°F to 77° F). Do not refrigerate. Discard any unused solution after 4 weeks. FERA ® PHARMACEUTICALS Distributed by: Fera Pharmaceuticals, LLC Locust Valley, NY 11560 PF053 Rev. 0923"],"geriatric_use":["Geriatric Use No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients."],"pediatric_use":["Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have been established."],"effective_time":"20250707","nursing_mothers":["Nursing Mothers Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother."],"adverse_reactions":["ADVERSE REACTIONS Although the relationship, if any, of retinal detachment to the administration of echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution has not been established, retinal detachment has been reported in a few cases during the use of echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution in adult patients without a previous history of this disorder. Stinging, burning, lacrimation, lid muscle twitching, conjunctival and ciliary redness, browache, induced myopia with visual blurring may occur. Activation of latent iritis or uveitis may occur. Iris cysts may form, and if treatment is continued, may enlarge and obscure vision. This occurrence is more frequent in children. The cysts usually shrink upon discontinuance of the medication or by reducing the frequency of instillation. Rarely, they may rupture or break free into the aqueous. Regular examinations are advisable when the drug is being prescribed for the treatment of accommodative esotropia. Prolonged use may cause conjunctival thickening, obstruction of nasolacrimal canals. Lens opacities have been reported with echothiophate iodide. Paradoxical increase in IOP may follow anticholinesterase instillation. This may be alleviated by prescribing a sympathomimetic mydriatic such as phenylephrine. Cardiac irregularities."],"contraindications":["CONTRAINDICATIONS Active uveal inflammation. Most cases of angle-closure glaucoma without iridectomy, due to the possibility of increasing angle block. Hypersensitivity to the active or inactive ingredients."],"drug_interactions":["Drug Interactions Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution potentiates other cholinesterase inhibitors such as succinylcholine or organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Patients undergoing systemic anticholinesterase treatment should be warned of the possible additive effects of echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution."],"general_precautions":["General Digital compression of the nasolacrimal ducts for a minute or two following instillation to minimize drainage into the nasal chamber is recommended. To prevent possible skin absorption, hands should be washed following instillation. Discontinue use of the medication if cardiac irregularities occur. Anticholinesterase drugs should be used with caution, if at all, in patients with marked vagotonia, bronchial asthma, spastic gastrointestinal disturbances, peptic ulcer, pronounced bradycardia and hypotension, recent myocardial infarction, epilepsy, parkinsonism, and other disorders that may respond adversely to vagotonic effects. Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution should be used with caution, where there is a prior history of retinal detachment. Temporary discontinuance of medication is necessary if salivation, urinary incontinence, diarrhea, profuse sweating, muscle weakness, or respiratory difficulties occur. Patients receiving echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution who are exposed to carbamate- or organophosphate-type insecticides and pesticides should be warned of the additive systemic effects possible from absorption of the pesticide through the respiratory tract or skin. During periods of exposure to such pesticides, the wearing of respiratory masks, and frequent washing and clothing changes may be advisable."],"teratogenic_effects":["Teratogenic Effects Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution. It is also not known whether echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed."],"clinical_pharmacology":["CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution is a long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor for topical use which enhances the effect of endogenously liberated acetylcholine in iris, ciliary muscle, and other parasympathetically innervated structures of the eye. It thereby causes miosis, increase in facility of outflow of aqueous humor, fall in intraocular pressure (IOP), and potentiation of accommodation. Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution will depress both plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase levels in most patients after a few weeks of eyedrop therapy."],"indications_and_usage":["INDICATIONS AND USAGE Reduction of Elevated IOP Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution is indicated for the reduction of elevated IOP. Accommodative Esotropia Concomitant esotropias with a significant accommodative component."],"spl_unclassified_section":["Rx only","Directions for Preparing Eyedrops Use aseptic technique. Tear off aluminum seals and remove and discard rubber plugs from both drug and diluent containers. Pour diluent into drug container. Remove dropper assembly from its sterile wrapping and attach to the drug container. Shake for several seconds to ensure mixing. Do not cover nor obliterate instructions to patient regarding administration and storage of eyedrops. Elevated IOP Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution one drop instilled twice a day, just before retiring and in the morning. A change in therapy is indicated if, at any time, the tension fails to remain at an acceptable level on this regimen. Two doses a day are preferred to one in order to maintain as smooth a diurnal tension curve as possible, although a single dose per day or every other day has been used with satisfactory results. The daily dose or one of the two daily doses should always be instilled just before retiring to avoid inconvenience due to the miosis. Technique – Technique in the administration of echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution may include finger pressure at the inner canthus exerted for a minute or two following instillation of the eyedrops, to potentially minimize drainage into the nose and throat. Excess solution around the eye should be removed with tissue and any medication on the hands should be rinsed off. Accommodative Esotropia (Pediatric Use) In Diagnosis – One drop may be instilled once a day in both eyes on retiring, for a period of two or three weeks. If the esotropia is accommodative, a favorable response will usually be noted which may begin within a few hours. In Treatment – Echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution is prescribed at the lowest frequency which gives satisfactory results. After the initial period of treatment for diagnostic purposes, the schedule may be reduced to one drop every other day. The maximum usually recommended dosage is one drop once a day, although more intensive therapy has been used for short periods. Technique – (See “ DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ”) Duration of Treatment — In therapy, there is no definite limit so long as the drug is well tolerated. However, if the eyedrops, with or without eyeglasses, are gradually withdrawn after about a year or two and deviation recurs, surgery should be considered. As with other miotics, tolerance may occasionally develop after prolonged use. In such cases, a rest period may restore the original activity of the drug."],"dosage_and_administration":["DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION"],"spl_product_data_elements":["Phospholine Iodide echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution Phospholine Iodide echothiophate iodide echothiophate iodide echothiophate potassium acetate Sterile Diluent for Preparing Phospholine Iodide diluent solution chlorobutanol mannitol boric acid sodium phosphate water"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["Principal Display Panel - 6.25 mg/5 mL Carton Label FERA ® PHARMACEUTICALS NDC 48102-053-05 Phospholine Iodide ® (echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution) 0.125% (1/8%) 6.25 mg/5 mL This package contains sterile echothiophate iodide with 40 mg potassium acetate (sodium hydroxide or acetic acid may have been incorporated to adjust pH during manufacturing) and 5 mL (1/6 fl oz) sterile aqueous diluent, in individual bottles for dispensing 5 mL of eyedrops of strength shown when reconstituted. Rx only Principal Display Panel - 6.25 mg/5 mL Carton Label","Principal Display Panel - 6.25 mg/5 mL Bottle Label NDC 48102-054-05 Rx only Phospholine Iodide ® (echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution) 0.125% (1/8%) 6.25 mg/5 mL Each 5 mL contains 6.25 mg of echothiophate iodide With 40 mg Potassium Acetate for preparing 5 mL eyedrops. See Prescribing Information. Principal Display Panel - 6.25 mg/5 mL Bottle Label","Principal Display Panel - 5 mL Bottle Label NDC 48102-055-05 STERILE DILUENT FOR PREPARING Phospholine Iodide ® (echothiophate iodide for ophthalmic solution) 5 mL (1/6 fl oz) EYEDROPS Principal Display Panel - 5 mL Bottle Label"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No data is available regarding carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and impairment of fertility."]},"tags":[{"label":"Cholinesterase Inhibitor","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Acetylcholinesterase","category":"target"},{"label":"ACHE","category":"gene"},{"label":"S01EB03","category":"atc"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Esotropia","category":"indication"},{"label":"Glaucoma","category":"indication"},{"label":"Open-angle glaucoma","category":"indication"},{"label":"Stargardt's disease","category":"indication"},{"label":"Fera Pharms Llc","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1960s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Cholinergic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cholinesterase Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Miotics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Parasympathomimetics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE INCREASED","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"27 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INEFFECTIVE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"22 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"VISUAL IMPAIRMENT","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"17 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"EYE PAIN","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"13 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"VISUAL ACUITY REDUCED","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"10 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"BLINDNESS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"9 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"BLINDNESS UNILATERAL","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"8 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"OCULAR HYPERAEMIA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"8 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"EYE DISORDER","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"7 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"EYE IRRITATION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"7 reports"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Stinging","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Burning","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Lacrimation","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Lid muscle twitching","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Conjunctival redness","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Ciliary redness","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Browache","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Induced myopia","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Visual blurring","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""}],"contraindications":["Angle-closure glaucoma","Asthma","Bradycardia","Decreased respiratory function","Diarrhea","Disturbance of salivary secretion","Epilepsy","Hyperhidrosis","Hypertensive disorder","Increased gastric tonus","Iritis","Irritable bowel syndrome","Low blood pressure","Muscle weakness","Myocardial infarction in recovery phase","Parkinsonism","Peptic ulcer","Pregnancy, function","Retinal detachment","Urinary incontinence","Uveitis"],"seriousAdverseEvents":[{"effect":"Retinal detachment","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Iris cysts","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Activation of latent iritis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Activation of latent uveitis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Lens opacities","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Conjunctival thickening","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Obstruction of nasolacrimal canals","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Paradoxical increase in IOP","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Cardiac irregularities","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Fera Pharms Llc","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ECHOTHIOPHATE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:23.065399+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:29.855496+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:21.697665+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ECHOTHIOPHATE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:30.524062+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:20.155747+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:20.155822+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:31.954781+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:31.066907+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1201341/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:30.971802+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"NDA011963","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:20.155833+00:00"}},"allNames":"phospholine iodide","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["echothiophate","ecothiopate","ecothiophate","phospholine","echothiophate iodide"],"timeline":[{"date":"1960-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from WYETH PHARMS INC to Fera Pharms Llc"},{"date":"1960-06-27","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Wyeth Pharms Inc)"}],"aiSummary":"Phospholine Iodide (ECHOTHIOPHATE) is a small molecule cholinesterase inhibitor developed by WYETH PHARMS INC and currently owned by Fera Pharms Llc. It targets acetylcholinesterase to treat various conditions, including esotropia, glaucoma, open-angle glaucoma, and Stargardt's disease. FDA approved in 1960, it is an off-patent medication with no active Orange Book patents. As a result, there are no generic manufacturers available. This medication is used to increase acetylcholine levels in the body, which can help relax muscles and improve vision.","approvals":[{"date":"1960-06-27","orphan":false,"company":"WYETH PHARMS INC","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Phospholine Iodide","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Esotropia","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Glaucoma","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetylcholine","slug":"acetylcholine","company":""},{"name":"omidenepag isopropyl","slug":"omidenepag-isopropyl","company":"Santen"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Open-angle glaucoma","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetazolamide","slug":"acetazolamide","company":"Teva Branded Pharm"},{"name":"apraclonidine","slug":"apraclonidine","company":"Alcon"},{"name":"betaxolol","slug":"betaxolol","company":"Alcon"},{"name":"bimatoprost","slug":"bimatoprost","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Stargardt's 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available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"fluostigmine","drugSlug":"fluostigmine","fdaApproval":"1957-04-02","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"acetylcholine","drugSlug":"acetylcholine","fdaApproval":"1973-10-09","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"echothiophate","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Esotropia","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":16596007,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Glaucoma","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":23986001,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Open-angle glaucoma","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":84494001,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Stargardt's disease","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":70099003,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"currentOwner":"Fera Pharms Llc","drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"pilocarpine","brandName":"pilocarpine","genericName":"pilocarpine","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"carbachol","brandName":"carbachol","genericName":"carbachol","approvalYear":"1972","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"demecarium","brandName":"demecarium","genericName":"demecarium","approvalYear":"1959","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"neostigmine","brandName":"neostigmine","genericName":"neostigmine","approvalYear":"2013","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"fluostigmine","brandName":"fluostigmine","genericName":"fluostigmine","approvalYear":"1957","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"acetylcholine","brandName":"acetylcholine","genericName":"acetylcholine","approvalYear":"1973","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT02544529","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Echothiophate Iodide for the Prevention of Progression of Myopia","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Danbury Eye Physicians & Surgeons, PC","startDate":"2016-06-01","conditions":["Myopia"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2016-06-01"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"administration":{"route":"Ophthalmic"},"_patentsChecked":true,"crossReferences":{"MMSL":"4649","NDDF":"001711","UNII":"0F350BVT6S","CHEBI":"CHEBI:4753","VANDF":"4018498","INN_ID":"662","RXNORM":"3740","UMLSCUI":"C0301366","chemblId":"CHEMBL1201341","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL1201341","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB01057","PUBCHEM_CID":"10548","SNOMEDCT_US":"387073002","IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID":"9074","SECONDARY_CAS_RN":"513-10-0","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D004456","MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI":"C061212"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[{"period":"1960-","companyName":"Pfizer","relationship":"Original Developer"},{"period":"present","companyName":"Fera Pharms Llc","relationship":"Current 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