{"id":"doxacurium","rwe":[{"pmid":"16620533","year":"2006","title":"Qualitative identification of doxacurium and its breakdown products in postmortem fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of analytical toxicology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"15882460","year":"2005","title":"Fractal ventilation enhances respiratory sinus arrhythmia.","finding":"","journal":"Respiratory research","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"15169739","year":"2004","title":"Physicochemical properties of neuromuscular blocking agents and their impact on the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship.","finding":"","journal":"British journal of anaesthesia","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"12534313","year":"2003","title":"Selecting neuromuscular-blocking drugs for elderly patients.","finding":"","journal":"Drugs & aging","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"12171561","year":"2002","title":"Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of neuromuscular blocking agents.","finding":"","journal":"Current medicinal chemistry","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"doxacurium","category":"class"},{"label":"Peptide","category":"modality"},{"label":"Acetylcholine receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"CHRNA1","category":"gene"},{"label":"CHRNB1","category":"gene"},{"label":"CHRND","category":"gene"},{"label":"M03AC07","category":"atc"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"General anesthesia","category":"indication"},{"label":"Muscle relaxation, function","category":"indication"},{"label":"Skeletal Muscle Relaxation for Endotracheal Intubation","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1990s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Neuromuscular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neuromuscular Blocking Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/gentamicin","drug":"gentamicin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Gentamicin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"gentamicin"},{"url":"/drug/kanamycin","drug":"kanamycin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Kanamycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"kanamycin"},{"url":"/drug/neomycin","drug":"neomycin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Neomycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"neomycin"},{"url":"/drug/netilmicin","drug":"netilmicin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Netilmicin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"netilmicin"},{"url":"/drug/streptomycin","drug":"streptomycin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Streptomycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"streptomycin"},{"url":"/drug/tobramycin","drug":"tobramycin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Tobramycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"tobramycin"}],"contraindications":["Disorder of acid-base balance","Disorder of electrolytes","Hepatic Impairment associated with Hepatic Transplant","Myasthenia gravis","Renal Impairment associated with Kidney Transplant"]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=DOXACURIUM","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:49:17.232082+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:49:22.558934+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=DOXACURIUM","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:49:22.921035+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:49:24.004161+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1237099/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:49:23.647681+00:00"}},"allNames":"bw-a938u","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["doxacurium","doxacurium chloride","BW-A938U"],"timeline":[{"date":"1991-03-07","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Doxacurium, also known as Bw-A938U, is a small molecule neuromuscular blocking agent that targets the acetylcholine receptor. It is used for general anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and endotracheal intubation. Originally developed by, doxacurium is now off-patent and has no active Orange Book patents. It was FDA approved in 1991 for its approved indications. As an off-patent medication, it is not commercially available as a generic.","approvals":[{"date":"1991-03-07","orphan":false,"company":"","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Bw-A938U","ecosystem":[{"indication":"General anesthesia","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetylcysteine","slug":"acetylcysteine","company":"Apothecon"},{"name":"alfentanil","slug":"alfentanil","company":"Akorn"},{"name":"alimemazine","slug":"alimemazine","company":"Allergan Herbert"},{"name":"amobarbital","slug":"amobarbital","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Muscle relaxation, function","otherDrugs":[{"name":"atracurium","slug":"atracurium","company":""},{"name":"cisatracurium","slug":"cisatracurium","company":"Abbvie"},{"name":"dimethyltubocurarinium","slug":"dimethyltubocurarinium","company":"Lilly"},{"name":"mivacurium","slug":"mivacurium","company":"Abbvie"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Skeletal Muscle Relaxation for Endotracheal Intubation","otherDrugs":[{"name":"atracurium","slug":"atracurium","company":""},{"name":"cisatracurium","slug":"cisatracurium","company":"Abbvie"},{"name":"mivacurium","slug":"mivacurium","company":"Abbvie"},{"name":"pancuronium","slug":"pancuronium","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Acetylcholine receptor","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"CHRNA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Acetylcholine receptor","protein":"Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha"},{"gene":"CHRNB1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Acetylcholine receptor","protein":"Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta"},{"gene":"CHRND","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Acetylcholine receptor","protein":"Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta"},{"gene":"CHRM2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2"},{"gene":"CHRNA2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2","protein":"Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"doxacurium","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Doxacurium is a competitive antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, specifically targeting the α1 subunit, which is responsible for neuromuscular transmission."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1991","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1991-03-07, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/2974","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=DOXACURIUM","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":3,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T10:46:33.698773","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T00:49:25.276950+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"pancuronium","drugSlug":"pancuronium","fdaApproval":"1972-10-24","genericCount":4,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"gallamine","drugSlug":"gallamine","fdaApproval":"","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"vecuronium","drugSlug":"vecuronium","fdaApproval":"1984-04-30","genericCount":9,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"atracurium","drugSlug":"atracurium","fdaApproval":"1983-11-23","genericCount":11,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"hexafluronium","drugSlug":"hexafluronium","fdaApproval":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"pipecuronium","drugSlug":"pipecuronium","fdaApproval":"1990-06-26","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"rocuronium","drugSlug":"rocuronium","fdaApproval":"1994-03-17","patentExpiry":"Jul 22, 2039","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"mivacurium","drugSlug":"mivacurium","fdaApproval":"1992-01-22","genericCount":2,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"cisatracurium","drugSlug":"cisatracurium","fdaApproval":"1995-12-15","genericCount":16,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"doxacurium","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"General anesthesia","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":50697003,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Muscle relaxation, function","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":11977004,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Skeletal Muscle Relaxation for Endotracheal Intubation","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"pancuronium","brandName":"pancuronium","genericName":"pancuronium","approvalYear":"1972","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"gallamine","brandName":"gallamine","genericName":"gallamine","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"vecuronium","brandName":"vecuronium","genericName":"vecuronium","approvalYear":"1984","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"atracurium","brandName":"atracurium","genericName":"atracurium","approvalYear":"1983","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"hexafluronium","brandName":"hexafluronium","genericName":"hexafluronium","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"pipecuronium","brandName":"pipecuronium","genericName":"pipecuronium","approvalYear":"1990","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"rocuronium","brandName":"rocuronium","genericName":"rocuronium","approvalYear":"1994","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"mivacurium","brandName":"mivacurium","genericName":"mivacurium","approvalYear":"1992","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"cisatracurium","brandName":"cisatracurium","genericName":"cisatracurium","approvalYear":"1995","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"_patentsChecked":true,"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000148242","MMSL":"4635","NDDF":"003582","UNII":"P40015Y3WW","VUID":"4020524","CHEBI":"CHEBI:4706","VANDF":"4020136","INN_ID":"6205","RXNORM":"23651","UMLSCUI":"C0058716","chemblId":"CHEMBL1237099","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL1237123","KEGG_DRUG":"D00760","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB01135","PUBCHEM_CID":"5284552","SNOMEDCT_US":"108458009","SECONDARY_CAS_RN":"83348-52-1","MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI":"C049429"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"pharmacokinetics":{"source":"DrugCentral","halfLife":"1.7 hours","clearance":"2.7 mL/min/kg","fractionUnbound":"0.53%","volumeOfDistribution":"0.22 L/kg"},"publicationCount":85,"therapeuticAreas":["Neuroscience"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"M03AC07","allCodes":["M03AC07"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2006 Jan-Feb","pmid":"16620533","title":"Qualitative identification of doxacurium and its breakdown products in postmortem fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.","journal":"Journal of analytical toxicology"},{"date":"2005 May 9","pmid":"15882460","title":"Fractal ventilation enhances respiratory sinus arrhythmia.","journal":"Respiratory research"},{"date":"2004 Aug","pmid":"15169739","title":"Physicochemical properties of neuromuscular blocking agents and their impact on the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship.","journal":"British journal of anaesthesia"},{"date":"2003","pmid":"12534313","title":"Selecting neuromuscular-blocking drugs for elderly patients.","journal":"Drugs & aging"},{"date":"2002 Aug","pmid":"12171561","title":"Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of neuromuscular blocking agents.","journal":"Current medicinal chemistry"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturers":0,"_genericFilersChecked":true,"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"approved","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"1991","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":"1991-03-07T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":""},{"country_code":"CA","regulator":"Health Canada","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""},{"country_code":"BR","regulator":"ANVISA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"MX","regulator":"COFEPRIS","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AR","regulator":"ANMAT","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"TR","regulator":"TITCK","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"IN","regulator":"CDSCO","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"TH","regulator":"FDA-TH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"MY","regulator":"NPRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"PH","regulator":"FDA-PH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"CO","regulator":"INVIMA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"ZA","regulator":"SAHPRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"TW","regulator":"TFDA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"HK","regulator":"DH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"IL","regulator":"MOH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"SG","regulator":"HSA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AE","regulator":"MOH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"KR","regulator":"MFDS","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AU","regulator":"TGA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"GB","regulator":"MHRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null}],"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T00:49:25.276950+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"verificationStatus":"enriching","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":false,"indications":true,"safety":false,"trials":false,"score":1}}