{"id":"diphenidol","rwe":[{"pmid":"40883507","year":"2025","title":"Preparation and evaluation of immediate and modified release tablets contained diphenidol hydrochloride.","finding":"","journal":"Scientific reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40759633","year":"2025","title":"Planar-electroporated cell biosensor for investigating potential therapeutic effects of ectopic bitter receptors.","finding":"","journal":"Microsystems & nanoengineering","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40393192","year":"2025","title":"Diphenidol poisoning in forensic practice: Characteristic, Mechanism, Pathologic changes and organ distribution.","finding":"","journal":"Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"39396195","year":"2024","title":"Discovery of Antinociceptive α9α10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonists by Stable Receptor Expression.","finding":"","journal":"ACS chemical biology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"39106662","year":"2024","title":"Investigation of biodistribution by liquid-phase microextraction: Using a fatal diphenidol poisoning case.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of chromatography. A","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"Antiemetic","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4","category":"target"},{"label":"CHRM4","category":"gene"},{"label":"CHRM3","category":"gene"},{"label":"CHRM1","category":"gene"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Vertigo","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1960s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Antiemetics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Gastrointestinal Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=DIPHENIDOL","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:45:27.756913+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:45:34.529912+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=DIPHENIDOL","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:45:34.879999+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL936/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:45:35.590801+00:00"}},"allNames":"cephadol","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["cephadol","difenidol","diphenadol","lansenol","diphenidol hydrochloride","diphenidol","difenidol hydrochloride","difenidol embonate","diphenidol HCl","difenidol HCl"],"timeline":[{"date":"1967-04-05","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Cephadol, also known as DIPHENIDOL, is a small molecule antiemetic medication that targets the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4. Originally developed and currently owned, it was FDA approved in 1967 for the treatment of vertigo. As an off-patent medication with no active Orange Book patents, it is available from generic manufacturers. Cephadol works by blocking the action of acetylcholine at the M4 receptor, which helps to alleviate symptoms of vertigo. Its commercial status and pharmacokinetic properties are not well-documented.","approvals":[{"date":"1967-04-05","orphan":false,"company":"","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Cephadol","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Vertigo","otherDrugs":[{"name":"dimenhydrinate","slug":"dimenhydrinate","company":"Alra"},{"name":"meclozine","slug":"meclozine","company":"Citron Pharma Llc"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"CHRM4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4"},{"gene":"CHRM3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3"},{"gene":"CHRM1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1"},{"gene":"SIGMAR1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1","protein":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1"},{"gene":"CHRM2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2"},{"gene":"CYP2D6","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Cytochrome P450 2D6","protein":"Cytochrome P450 2D6"},{"gene":"HTR2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A"},{"gene":"DRD3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(3) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(3) dopamine receptor"},{"gene":"CHRM5","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5"},{"gene":"DRD2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(2) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(2) dopamine receptor"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Antiemetic","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Cephadol acts as a competitive antagonist at the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, inhibiting the action of acetylcholine and reducing the excitatory neurotransmission that contributes to vertigo symptoms."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1967","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1967-04-05, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/313","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=DIPHENIDOL","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=DIPHENIDOL","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange 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