{"id":"diclofenac","rwe":[{"pmid":"41906421","year":"2026","title":"Ryanodane Diterpenoids from Cinnamon and Their Analgesic and Hepatoprotective Effects.","finding":"","journal":"The Journal of organic chemistry","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41901716","year":"2026","title":"Acanthamoeba castellanii: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Affect Adhesion, Motility, and Encystment, Suggesting a Link with a gp63-like Protein Candidate.","finding":"","journal":"Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41895492","year":"2026","title":"Polysaccharide-based smart copolymeric hydrogel from chia seeds: Fabrication, pH-responsiveness, sustained drug release, and acute toxicity studies.","finding":"","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41893485","year":"2026","title":"Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in the Seawater Samples of the Port of Cartagena (Murcia, Spain): A Pilot Study.","finding":"","journal":"Toxics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41893296","year":"2026","title":"Correction: Ning et al. Orodispersible Membranes from a Modified Coaxial Electrospinning for Fast Dissolution of Diclofenac Sodium. Membranes 2021, 11, 802.","finding":"","journal":"Membranes","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"1e6ba7b2-299c-67cc-e063-6294a90a589d","set_id":"005299ac-b6de-511f-e063-6294a90a29e0","openfda":{"upc":["0368071345612"],"unii":["QTG126297Q"],"route":["TOPICAL"],"rxcui":["855633"],"spl_id":["1e6ba7b2-299c-67cc-e063-6294a90a589d"],"brand_name":["Diclofenac Sodium"],"spl_set_id":["005299ac-b6de-511f-e063-6294a90a29e0"],"package_ndc":["68071-3456-1"],"product_ndc":["68071-3456"],"generic_name":["DICLOFENAC SODIUM"],"product_type":["HUMAN OTC DRUG"],"substance_name":["DICLOFENAC SODIUM"],"manufacturer_name":["NuCare Pharmaceuticals,Inc."],"application_number":["ANDA211253"],"original_packager_product_ndc":["45802-953"]},"purpose":["Purpose Arthritis pain reliever"],"version":"2","stop_use":["Stop use and ask a doctor if pain gets worse or lasts more than 21 days redness or swelling is present in the painful area fever occurs skin irritation occurs any new symptoms appear. These could be signs of a serious condition. you experience any of the following signs of stomach bleeding: feel faint have bloody or black stools vomit blood have stomach pain that does not get better you have symptoms of heart problems or stroke: chest pain trouble breathing leg swelling weakness in one part or side of body slurred speech"],"warnings":["Warnings For external use only Allergy alert: Diclofenac may cause a severe allergic reaction, especially in people allergic to aspirin. Symptoms may include: hives asthma (wheezing) skin reddening blisters facial swelling shock rash If an allergic reaction occurs, stop use and seek medical help right away. Liver warning: This product contains diclofenac. Liver damage may occur if you apply more or for a longer time than directed when using other drugs containing diclofenac Stomach bleeding warning: This product contains an NSAID, which may cause severe stomach bleeding. The chance is small but higher if you are age 60 or older have had stomach ulcers or bleeding problems take a blood thinning (anticoagulant) or steroid drug take other drugs containing prescription or nonprescription NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or others) have 3 or more alcoholic drinks every day while using this product apply more or for longer than directed Heart attack and stroke warning: NSAIDs, except aspirin, increase the risk of heart attack, heart failure, and stroke. These can be fatal. The risk is higher if you use more than directed or for longer than directed. Do not use if you have ever had an allergic reaction to any other pain reliever or to a fever reducer for strains, sprains, bruises or sports injuries. This product has not been shown to work for these types of injuries. right before or after heart surgery on more than 2 body areas at the same time in the eyes, nose or mouth Ask a doctor before us if you have problems or serious side effects from taking pain relievers or fever reducers stomach bleeding warning applies to you you have a history of stomach problems, such as heartburn you have high blood pressure, heart disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, asthma, or had a stroke you are taking a diuretic you are under age 18 years. It is not known if this drug works or is safe in children under age 18 years. Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if you are under a doctor’s care for any serious condition taking any other drug When using this product avoid contact with eyes, nose, or mouth if eye contact occurs, rinse thoroughly with water Stop use and ask a doctor if pain gets worse or lasts more than 21 days redness or swelling is present in the painful area fever occurs skin irritation occurs any new symptoms appear. These could be signs of a serious condition. you experience any of the following signs of stomach bleeding: feel faint have bloody or black stools vomit blood have stomach pain that does not get better you have symptoms of heart problems or stroke: chest pain trouble breathing leg swelling weakness in one part or side of body slurred speech If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use. It is especially important not to use this product during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless definitely directed to do so by a doctor because it may cause problems in the unborn child or complications during delivery. Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away (1-800-222-1222)."],"questions":["Questions or comments ? 1-800-719-9260"],"ask_doctor":["Ask a doctor before us if you have problems or serious side effects from taking pain relievers or fever reducers stomach bleeding warning applies to you you have a history of stomach problems, such as heartburn you have high blood pressure, heart disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, asthma, or had a stroke you are taking a diuretic you are under age 18 years. It is not known if this drug works or is safe in children under age 18 years."],"do_not_use":["Do not use if you have ever had an allergic reaction to any other pain reliever or to a fever reducer for strains, sprains, bruises or sports injuries. This product has not been shown to work for these types of injuries. right before or after heart surgery on more than 2 body areas at the same time in the eyes, nose or mouth"],"when_using":["When using this product avoid contact with eyes, nose, or mouth if eye contact occurs, rinse thoroughly with water"],"effective_time":"20240729","active_ingredient":["Active ingredient Diclofenac sodium (NSAID*) 1% (equivalent to 0.93% diclofenac) *nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug"],"inactive_ingredient":["Inactive ingredients carbomer homopolymer Type C, cocoyl caprylocaprate, fragrance, isopropyl alcohol, mineral oil, polyoxyl 20 cetostearyl ether, propylene glycol, purified water, strong ammonia solution"],"storage_and_handling":["Other information store at 20-25°C (68-77°F). Keep from freezing. read all product information before using. Keep the dosing card, this carton and accompanying User Guide for important information."],"indications_and_usage":["Uses for the temporary relief of arthritis pain ONLY in the following areas: hand, wrist, elbow (upper body areas) foot, ankle, knee (lower body areas) this product may take up to 7 days to work for arthritis pain; it is not for immediate relief. If no pain relief in 7 days, stop use."],"ask_doctor_or_pharmacist":["Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if you are under a doctor’s care for any serious condition taking any other drug"],"spl_unclassified_section":["Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% (NSAID) Arthritis Pain Reliever User Guide How to use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% with answers to frequently asked questions Quick Start How to get started right away with Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% Understanding Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% (NSAID) – arthritis pain reliever is an arthritis pain relief medication that you apply to your skin. Before You Use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% Read the Drug Facts Label, which appears on the carton. Remove the dosing card from the inside of the carton. You should always use the dosing card to measure out the correct dose of Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%. The first time you use a tube of Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%: The first time you use a tube of Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%: 1. Take the cap off the tube. 2. Open the safety seal by firmly pressing the point on the top of the cap onto the seal on the tube. Do not open the safety seal with scissors or other sharp objects. 3. After use, put the cap back on the end of the tube. Using Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% How often to use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% Use 4 times a day for best results. For example: Where to apply Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% can be used on up to 2 body areas from the following list: a hand, a wrist, an elbow, a foot, an ankle, a knee. Do not use on more than 2 body areas at once. Some examples include: Measuring the correct amount using the dosing card For each upper body area (a hand, a wrist, or an elbow): Squeeze gel from the tube equal to the length shown on the upper body section of the dosing card (2.25 inches). For each lower body area (a foot, an ankle, or a knee): Squeeze gel from the tube equal to the length shown on the lower body section of the dosing card (4.5 inches). Lost Your Dosing Card? Don’t worry! Call 1-800-719-9260 to get a free replacement. Applying Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% Gently rub Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% into the skin using your hand. Apply 4 times a day for best results. Do not use on more than 2 body areas at once. Apply only to clean, dry skin that doesn’t have any cuts, open wounds, infections or rashes. Do not apply in the same area as any other medicines or products that are applied to the skin. After You Use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% Wash your hands after applying Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%. If the treated area is the hands wait up to 1 hour to wash the hands. Wash the dosing card with water. Store dosing card with your Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% and keep out of reach of children. Wait ten minutes before covering the treated areas with clothes or gloves. Avoid: showering or bathing for at least 1 hour after use exposing the treated area to sunlight or artificial light (such as in tanning booths) use in same area as other products applied to the skin applying a bandage over the treated area eye, nose, or mouth contact if eye contact occurs, rinse thoroughly with water Facts you need to know Important information about Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% Do not use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%... if you have ever had an allergic reaction to any other pain reliever or to a fever reducer for strains, sprains, bruises or sports injuries. This product has not been shown to work for these types of injuries. right before or after heart surgery on more than 2 body areas at the same time in the eyes, nose or mouth Ask a doctor before use if... you have problems or serious side effects from taking pain relievers or fever reducers stomach bleeding warning applies to you you have a history of stomach problems such as heartburn you have high blood pressure, heart disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, asthma, or had a stroke you are taking a diuretic you are under age 18 years. It is not known if this drug works or is safe in children under age 18 years. Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if... you are under a doctor’s care for any serious condition you are taking any other drug you are pregnant or breast-feeding It is especially important not to use this product during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless definitely directed to do so by a doctor because it may cause problems in the unborn child or complications during delivery. Warnings to consider before use... Allergy alert Diclofenac may cause a severe allergic reaction, especially in people allergic to aspirin. Symptoms may include: hives blisters asthma (wheezing) facial swelling skin reddening shock rash If an allergic reaction occurs, stop use and seek medical help right away. Liver warning This product contains diclofenac. Liver damage may occur if you apply more or for a longer time than directed when using other drugs containing diclofenac Stomach bleeding warning This product contains an NSAID, which may cause stomach bleeding. The chance is small but higher if you are age 60 or older have had stomach ulcers or bleeding problems take a blood thinning (anticoagulant) or steroid drug take other drugs containing prescription or nonprescription NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or others) have 3 or more alcoholic drinks every day while using this product apply more or for longer than directed Heart attack and stroke warning NSAIDs, except aspirin, increase the risk of heart attack, heart failure, and stroke. This can be fatal. The risk is higher if you use more than directed or for longer than directed. Follow these important guidelines when using Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%... use only as directed apply only to clean, dry skin that does not have any cuts, open wounds, infections or rashes do not apply in the same area as any other product used on the skin do not apply with external heat such as heating pad do not apply a bandage over the treated area do not get gel in eyes, nose or mouth store ENCLOSED DOSING CARD with your Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%. The dosing card is re-usable. Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away (1-800-222-1222). Stop using Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% and ask a doctor if... pain gets worse or lasts more than 21 days redness or swelling is present in the painful area fever occurs skin irritation occurs any new symptoms appear. These could be signs of a serious condition. you experience any of the following signs of stomach bleeding: feel faint have bloody or black stools vomit blood have stomach pain that does not get better you have symptoms of heart problems or stroke: chest pain trouble breathing leg swelling weakness in one part of side of body slurred speech Questions and Answers Answers to questions you may ask about Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% Can I use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% for the immediate relief of pain like that associated with sprains, strains, bruises, or sports injuries? No. Do not use for strains, sprains, bruises, or sports injuries. This product has not been shown to work for these types of injuries. It’s intended only for the temporary relief of arthritis pain. How quickly will Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% work for arthritis pain? Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% may take up to 7 days to work for your arthritis pain; it is not for immediate relief. With 4 times-a-day use, you may start to feel relief within a few days. You should feel significant pain relief within 7 days of continuous use. If no pain relief in 7 days, stop use. What is Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% used for? Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% can be used for the temporary relief of arthritis pain in the hands, wrists, elbows, feet, ankles, and knees. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. It mainly affects a type of tissue called cartilage, which cushions the joints and prevents the bones from rubbing against each other. With OA, cartilage begins to break down and wear away, resulting in joint pain and stiffness. OA occurs more frequently as you get older. Pain develops slowly and can gradually worsen over time. How does Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% work? Diclofenac sodium, the medicine in Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAIDs are used to treat pain from medical conditions such as arthritis. Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% works similarly to oral NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen by temporarily blocking the production of pain signaling chemicals called prostaglandins. However, when taking a pill, the medication is distributed to the site of pain through the bloodstream. Compared to oral diclofenac, only 6% of the medicine in Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% is absorbed in the bloodstream. It works by penetrating through your skin at the application site to deliver arthritis pain relief. How does over-the-counter Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% differ from prescription Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%? Over-the-counter Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% is the same strength and formula as original full prescription strength Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% but is available without a prescription. Apply Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% 4 times a day to ensure you get the full effect of the medicine. Can I apply Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% to upper and lower body areas at the same time? Yes. You can use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% on up to 2 body areas at the same time. The areas can include the foot, ankle, knee, hand, wrist, and elbow. Some correct examples include: Do not use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% on more than 2 body areas at once. Can I apply Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% without measuring it out on the dosing card first? No. Use the dosing card to make sure you are getting the correct amount of medicine. Can I use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% on my spine, hips, or shoulders? No. The use of Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% on the spine, hips, and shoulders has not been studied. Can I take any other pain medications with Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%? Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% if you are taking any other pain reliever or are planning on taking any other pain reliever, especially prescription or nonprescription NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or others). Can I take any other pain medications during the first 7 days I use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%? Taking other pain medications is generally not recommended. Speak with your doctor or pharmacist before taking other pain medications when using Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%. How long can I use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%? Use Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% 4 times a day every day for up to 21 days for treatment of arthritis pain or as directed by your doctor. Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% should be part of an overall program for managing your arthritis pain. The program should also include activities such as appropriate movement or exercise, specific lifestyle changes, and weight maintenance. Regular visits and discussions with your doctor can help incorporate Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% into a complete program to help manage your arthritis pain. What do I do if I get Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% in my eyes? If eye contact occurs, rinse thoroughly with water and consult a doctor if irritation lasts more than an hour. How do I clean the dosing card? Wash the dosing card with water, and store dosing card and tube out of reach of children. What if I miss a dose of Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%? If you forget to apply Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% don’t double your dose. Just apply the next dose as scheduled. How should I store Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%? Store at 20-25°C (68-77°F). Do not freeze Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%. Store the dosing card with your Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1%. Keep out of reach of children. Additional Questions? Call 1-800-719-9260. Made in Israel Distributed By Perrigo® Allegan, MI 49010 87A00 00 J1 Hands opening package Opening Tube Remove cap Replace cap How often to use where to apply measure using dosing card measure using dosing card Apply to areas wash your hands wash the dosing card wait 10 minutes cartilage correct examples"],"dosage_and_administration":["Directions Use up to 21 days unless directed by your doctor Not for strains, sprains, bruises or sports injuries. This product has not been shown to work for these types of injuries. Daily Per Dose For your arthritis pain: Use 4 times per day every day Do not use on more than 2 body areas at the same time Use ENCLOSED DOSING CARD to measure a dose For each upper body area (hand, wrist, or elbow) – Squeeze out 2.25 inches (2 grams) For each lower body area (foot, ankle or knee) –Squeeze out 4.5 inches (4 grams) Read the enclosed User Guide for complete instructions: use only as directed do not use more than directed or for longer than directed apply only to clean, dry skin that does not have any cuts, open wounds, infections or rashes do not apply in same area as any other product do not apply with external heat such as heating pad do not apply a bandage over the treated area store ENCLOSED DOSING CARD with your Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel, 1% product. The dosing card is re-usable."],"spl_product_data_elements":["Diclofenac Sodium diclofenac sodium CARBOMER HOMOPOLYMER TYPE C (ALLYL PENTAERYTHRITOL CROSSLINKED) COCO-CAPRYLATE/CAPRATE ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL MINERAL OIL POLYOXYL 20 CETOSTEARYL ETHER PROPYLENE GLYCOL WATER DICLOFENAC SODIUM DICLOFENAC"],"pregnancy_or_breast_feeding":["If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use. It is especially important not to use this product during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless definitely directed to do so by a doctor because it may cause problems in the unborn child or complications during delivery."],"keep_out_of_reach_of_children":["Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away (1-800-222-1222)."],"dosage_and_administration_table":["<table width=\"100%\"><col width=\"41%\"/><col width=\"57%\"/><tbody><tr><td align=\"center\" styleCode=\"Rrule Botrule Lrule Toprule \" valign=\"top\"><paragraph><content styleCode=\"bold\">Daily</content></paragraph></td><td align=\"center\" styleCode=\"Rrule Botrule Lrule Toprule \" valign=\"top\"><paragraph><content styleCode=\"bold\">Per Dose</content></paragraph></td></tr><tr><td styleCode=\"Rrule Botrule Lrule Toprule \" valign=\"top\"><paragraph><content styleCode=\"bold\">For your arthritis pain:</content></paragraph><list listType=\"unordered\"><item>Use 4 times per day every day</item><item>Do not use on more than 2 body areas at the same time</item></list></td><td styleCode=\"Rrule Botrule Lrule Toprule \" valign=\"top\"><paragraph><content styleCode=\"bold\">Use ENCLOSED DOSING CARD to measure a dose</content></paragraph><list listType=\"unordered\"><item>For each upper body area (hand, wrist, or elbow) &#x2013; Squeeze out 2.25 inches (2 grams)</item><item>For each lower body area (foot, ankle or knee) &#x2013;Squeeze out 4.5 inches (4 grams)</item></list></td></tr></tbody></table>"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["Package/Label Principal Display Panel pdp"]},"tags":[{"label":"Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2","category":"target"},{"label":"PTGS2","category":"gene"},{"label":"CXCL8","category":"gene"},{"label":"CXCR1","category":"gene"},{"label":"M01AB05","category":"atc"},{"label":"Topical","category":"route"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Aerosol","category":"form"},{"label":"Capsule","category":"form"},{"label":"Cream","category":"form"},{"label":"Gel","category":"form"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Actinic keratosis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder","category":"indication"},{"label":"Analgesia in various types of cancer","category":"indication"},{"label":"Ankylosing spondylitis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Dysmenorrhea","category":"indication"},{"label":"Lumbago","category":"indication"},{"label":"Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1980s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Analgesics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Analgesics, Non-Narcotic","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antirheumatic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Sensory System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INEFFECTIVE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"31638 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"PAIN","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"15777 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"FATIGUE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"13816 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"OFF LABEL USE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"13428 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"PRODUCT USE IN UNAPPROVED INDICATION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"13276 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ARTHRALGIA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"11205 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"RASH","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"10758 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"10588 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"NAUSEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"9623 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"9580 reports"}],"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/dicoumarol","drug":"dicoumarol","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Dicumarol","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"dicoumarol"},{"url":"/drug/fluconazole","drug":"fluconazole","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Fluconazole","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"fluconazole"},{"url":"/drug/lithium","drug":"lithium","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Lithium","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"lithium"},{"url":"/drug/methotrexate","drug":"methotrexate","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Methotrexate","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"methotrexate"},{"url":"/drug/phenprocoumon","drug":"phenprocoumon","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Phenprocoumon","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"phenprocoumon"},{"url":"/drug/voriconazole","drug":"voriconazole","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Voriconazole","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"voriconazole"},{"url":"/drug/warfarin","drug":"warfarin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Warfarin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"warfarin"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Abdominal pain","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Dyspepsia","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Diarrhea","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Constipation","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Heartburn","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Headaches","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Dizziness","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Elevated liver enzymes","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Edema","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Rashes","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Pruritus","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Abnormal renal function","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Anemia","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Increased bleeding time","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Tinnitus","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Flatulence","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"GI ulcers","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Gross bleeding/perforation","drugRate":"5.5%","severity":"common","organSystem":""}],"contraindications":["Acute nephropathy","Alcoholism","Anemia","Asthenia","Asthma","Blood coagulation disorder","Bloody Vomit","Body fluid retention","Cardiovascular event risk","Cerebrovascular accident","Chronic heart failure","Corneal Infiltrates","Corneal degeneration","Corneal erosion","Corneal ulcer","Coronary artery bypass graft","Dehydration","Deliveries by cesarean","Diabetes mellitus","Disease of liver","Disorder of cardiovascular system","Drug-induced hepatitis","Duodenal ulcer disease","Edema","Gastrointestinal hemorrhage"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"Use of NSAIDs, including diclofenac sodium topical gel, during the third trimester of pregnancy increases the risk of premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus. Avoid use of NSAIDs, including diclofenac sodium topical gel, in pregnant women starting at 30 weeks of gestation (third trimester). There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of diclofenac sodium topical gel in pregnant women. Human and animal studies indicate that diclofenac crosses the placenta. Data from observational studies regarding potential embryofetal risks of NSAID use in women in the first or second trimesters of pregnancy are inconclusive. In the general U.S. population, all clinically recognized pregnancies, regardless of drug exposure, have background rate of to 4% for major malformations, and 15 to 20% for pregnancy loss. In animal reproduction studies, no evidence of teratogenicity was observed in mice, rats, or rabbits given diclofenac during the period of organogenesis at doses up to approximately 5, 5, and 10 times, respectively, the maximum recommended topical dose of diclofenac sodium topical gel, despite the presence of maternal and fetal toxicity at these doses. Based on animal data, prostaglandins have been shown to have an important role in endometrial vascular permeability, blastocyst implantation, and decidualization. In animal studies, reproductive studies conducted in rats and rabbits have not demonstrated evidence of developmental abnormalities. However, animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Nonteratogenic Effects: Because of the known effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the fetal cardiovascular system (closure of ductus arteriosus), use during pregnancy (particularly starting at 30 weeks of gestation) may cause fetal harm. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mothers clinical need for Diclofenac Potassium and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from Diclofenac Potassium or from the undetermined effects of diclofenac in breast milk. Data from published literature reports with oral preparations of diclofenac indicate the presence of small amounts of diclofenac in human milk. There are no data on the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production.","Geriatric use":"As with any NSAIDs, caution should be exercised in treating the elderly (65 years and older).","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established."},"seriousAdverseEvents":[{"effect":"Fulminant hepatitis","drugRate":"0.1%","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Liver failure","drugRate":"0.1%","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Liver necrosis","drugRate":"0.1%","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Stevens-Johnson syndrome","drugRate":"0.1%","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis","drugRate":"0.1%","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Myocardial infarction","drugRate":"0.1%","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Anaphylactic reactions","drugRate":"0.1%","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Renal failure","drugRate":"0.1%","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Aplastic anemia","drugRate":"0.1%","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Agranulocytosis","drugRate":"0.1%","severity":"serious"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc","patents":[{"applNo":"N204592","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Apr 23, 2030","useCode":"U-55","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"9186328","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N204592","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Apr 23, 2030","useCode":"U-55","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"9180095","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N204592","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Apr 23, 2030","useCode":"U-55","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"8999387","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N204592","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Apr 23, 2030","useCode":"","territory":"US","drugProduct":true,"patentNumber":"9180096","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N204592","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Apr 23, 2030","useCode":"","territory":"US","drugProduct":true,"patentNumber":"9017721","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N204592","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Apr 23, 2030","useCode":"","territory":"US","drugProduct":true,"patentNumber":"9173854","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N204592","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Apr 23, 2030","useCode":"","territory":"US","drugProduct":true,"patentNumber":"8679544","drugSubstance":false}],"pricing":[{"market":"United States","source":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","asOfDate":"2024-01-03","unitCost":"$1.9196/ML","priceType":"NADAC","sourceUrl":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","annualCost":"$691","description":"DICLOFENAC 0.1% EYE DROPS","retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"_fixedAt":"2026-03-30T16:53:10.465240","_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=DICLOFENAC","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:33:07.814374+00:00"},"patents":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Orange Book","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_orange_book","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:33:07.814297+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:33:13.122104+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:33:06.176757+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=DICLOFENAC","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:33:13.524943+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:32:50.819367+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:32:50.819396+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:33:15.157206+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Cyclooxygenase inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:33:14.588075+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL139/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:33:14.252642+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA211253","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:32:50.819399+00:00"}},"allNames":"voltaren","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["diclofenac calcium","diclofenac diethylamine","diclofenac hydroxyethylpyrrolidine","diclofenac","diclofenamic acid","diclofenac sodium","diclofenac potassium","diclofenac epolamine"],"timeline":[{"date":"1988-07-28","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"},{"date":"2021-03-23","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"PMDA approval (Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc)"}],"aiSummary":"Voltaren (Diclofenac) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) developed by Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc. and currently owned by Zyla. It targets prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 to provide analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Voltaren is approved for various indications, including osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and dysmenorrhea. The drug has a half-life of 1.4 hours and bioavailability of 54%. It is a small molecule modality that has been FDA-approved since 1988.","approvals":[{"date":"1988-07-28","orphan":false,"company":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"date":"2021-03-23","orphan":false,"company":"Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc","regulator":"PMDA"}],"brandName":"Voltaren","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Actinic keratosis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"aminolevulinic acid","slug":"aminolevulinic-acid","company":"Dusa"},{"name":"fluorouracil","slug":"fluorouracil","company":"Spectrum Pharms"},{"name":"imiquimod","slug":"imiquimod","company":"Medicis"},{"name":"ingenol mebutate","slug":"ingenol-mebutate","company":"Leo Pharma As"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder","otherDrugs":[{"name":"aceclofenac","slug":"aceclofenac","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Analgesia in various types of cancer","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Ankylosing spondylitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"aceclofenac","slug":"aceclofenac","company":""},{"name":"adalimumab","slug":"adalimumab","company":"Abbvie Inc"},{"name":"betamethasone","slug":"betamethasone","company":""},{"name":"betamethasone acetate","slug":"betamethasone-acetate","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":64000000},{"indication":"Dysmenorrhea","otherDrugs":[{"name":"caffeine","slug":"caffeine","company":"Novartis"},{"name":"celecoxib","slug":"celecoxib","company":"Gd Searle"},{"name":"dienogest","slug":"dienogest","company":""},{"name":"drospirenone","slug":"drospirenone","company":"Exeltis Usa Inc"}],"globalPrevalence":700000000},{"indication":"Lumbago","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Neckshoulderarm syndrome","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Osteoarthritis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"aceclofenac","slug":"aceclofenac","company":""},{"name":"acetylsalicylic acid","slug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"celecoxib","slug":"celecoxib","company":"Gd Searle"},{"name":"choline magnesium trisalicylate","slug":"choline-magnesium-trisalicylate","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":655000000}],"mechanism":{"target":"Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"PTGS2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2","protein":"Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2","isPrimary":true,"activityType":"IC50","activityValue":7.7},{"gene":"CXCL8","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Interleukin-8","protein":"Interleukin-8"},{"gene":"CXCR1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"C-X-C chemokine receptor type 1","protein":"C-X-C chemokine receptor type 1"},{"gene":"PTGS1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1","protein":"Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1"},{"gene":"PPARG","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma","protein":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma"},{"gene":"TTR","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Transthyretin","protein":"Transthyretin"},{"gene":"AKR1B10","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10","protein":"Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10"},{"gene":"AKR1C3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3","protein":"Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3"},{"gene":"TRPM3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3","protein":"Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3"},{"gene":"MT-CO2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2","protein":"Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2"}],"moaClass":"Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Voltaren (Diclofenac) is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), which are responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. By inhibiting these enzymes, Voltaren reduces the production of prostaglandins, leading to a decrease in pain and inflammation."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1988","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1988-07-28, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/865","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=DICLOFENAC","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=DICLOFENAC","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange 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colic","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"DICLOFENAC","evidenceCount":118,"evidenceLevel":"strong"},{"name":"Tendinitis","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"DICLOFENAC","evidenceCount":78,"evidenceLevel":"strong"}],"pipeline":[]},"_fixedFields":["primaryTarget"],"currentOwner":"Zyla","drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"indomethacin","brandName":"indomethacin","genericName":"indomethacin","approvalYear":"1965","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"sulindac","brandName":"sulindac","genericName":"sulindac","approvalYear":"1978","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"tolmetin","brandName":"tolmetin","genericName":"tolmetin","approvalYear":"1976","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"etodolac","brandName":"etodolac","genericName":"etodolac","approvalYear":"1991","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"ketorolac","brandName":"ketorolac","genericName":"ketorolac","approvalYear":"1989","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"aceclofenac","brandName":"aceclofenac","genericName":"aceclofenac","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT06029296","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Diclofenac 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