{"id":"dichloroacetic-acid","rwe":[{"pmid":"41893537","year":"2026","title":"Metabolic Disruption and Steatosis Induced by Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts in HepG2 and HUH7 Cells.","finding":"","journal":"Toxics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41633114","year":"2026","title":"Control of algal-derived disinfection by-products with a composite coagulant: Insights into the mechanism from a molecular perspective.","finding":"","journal":"Water research","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41627142","year":"2026","title":"Post-translational modifications of triosephosphate isomerase reveal metabolic vulnerabilities in T-ALL: effect of combining dichloroacetic acid and the PPI rabeprazole.","finding":"","journal":"The Biochemical journal","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41535628","year":"2026","title":"FDCA Attenuates Neuronal Ferroptosis and Reduces Hemorrhagic Transformation After Ischemic Stroke with High Glucose.","finding":"","journal":"Cellular and molecular neurobiology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41460454","year":"2025","title":"Associations between urinary biomarkers of drinking-water disinfection byproducts and fasting plasma glucose: results from the TREE study.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of endocrinological investigation","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"dichloroacetic acid","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"[Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 2, mitochondrial","category":"target"},{"label":"PDK2","category":"gene"},{"label":"PDK4","category":"gene"},{"label":"PDK1","category":"gene"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Verruca","category":"indication"}],"phase":"phase_3","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"ceresine","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["dichloroacetic acid","dichlorethanoic acid","sodium dichloroacetate","ceresine","bichloroacetic acid","potassium dichloroacetate"],"timeline":[],"approvals":[],"brandName":"Ceresine","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Verruca","otherDrugs":[{"name":"imiquimod","slug":"imiquimod","company":"Medicis"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"[Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 2, mitochondrial","targets":[{"gene":"PDK2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"[Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 2, mitochondrial","protein":"[Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 2, mitochondrial"},{"gene":"PDK4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"[Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial","protein":"[Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial"},{"gene":"PDK1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"[Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 1, mitochondrial","protein":"[Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 1, mitochondrial"},{"gene":"PDK3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"[Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 3, mitochondrial","protein":"[Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 3, mitochondrial"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"dichloroacetic acid","explanation":"Imagine your cells are like factories that produce energy. Ceresine blocks a key step in this process, which can help to slow down the growth of abnormal cells that cause warts. This can help to reduce the size and appearance of warts over time.","oneSentence":"Ceresine works by inhibiting an enzyme involved in energy production in cells, which can help to treat warts.","technicalDetail":"Ceresine targets pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase isozyme 2, mitochondrial, a key enzyme in the citric acid cycle that regulates energy production in cells."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/862","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=DICHLOROACETIC%20ACID","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=DICHLOROACETIC ACID","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T10:33:52.881785","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T08:41:07.391193+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[],"genericName":"dichloroacetic acid","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Verruca","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":30285000,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT05120284","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Trial of Dichloroacetate (DCA) in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Florida","startDate":"2022-07-01","conditions":["Glioblastoma Multiforme"],"enrollment":40,"completionDate":"2026-08-31"},{"nctId":"NCT05317455","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Regulation of Brain Glucose Metabolism in Type 1 Diabetes","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Yale University","startDate":"2025-05-13","conditions":["Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","Hypoglycemia Unawareness"],"enrollment":16,"completionDate":"2026-06-30"},{"nctId":"NCT06931262","phase":"","title":"Expanded Access Treatment Protocol With DCA for Patients With PDCD","status":"AVAILABLE","sponsor":"Saol Therapeutics Inc","startDate":"","conditions":["Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT02616484","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Trial of Dichloroacetate in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency:","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Saol Therapeutics Inc","startDate":"2020-07-14","conditions":["Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency"],"enrollment":34,"completionDate":"2025-08-27"},{"nctId":"NCT04046081","phase":"NA","title":"A Clinical Trial to Evaluate Dichloroacetate (DCA) as a Treatment for Endometriosis-associated Pain","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Edinburgh","startDate":"2019-11-19","conditions":["Endometriosis"],"enrollment":30,"completionDate":"2021-09-30"},{"nctId":"NCT01163487","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Metabolic Reprogramming Therapy for Treatment of Recurrent Head and Neck Cancers","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Daniel T. 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Cells.","journal":"Toxics"},{"date":"2026 Apr 1","pmid":"41633114","title":"Control of algal-derived disinfection by-products with a composite coagulant: Insights into the mechanism from a molecular perspective.","journal":"Water research"},{"date":"2026 Mar 4","pmid":"41627142","title":"Post-translational modifications of triosephosphate isomerase reveal metabolic vulnerabilities in T-ALL: effect of combining dichloroacetic acid and the PPI rabeprazole.","journal":"The Biochemical journal"},{"date":"2026 Jan 14","pmid":"41535628","title":"FDCA Attenuates Neuronal Ferroptosis and Reduces Hemorrhagic Transformation After Ischemic Stroke with High Glucose.","journal":"Cellular and molecular neurobiology"},{"date":"2025 Dec 29","pmid":"41460454","title":"Associations between urinary biomarkers of drinking-water disinfection byproducts and fasting plasma glucose: results from the TREE study.","journal":"Journal of endocrinological 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It is used to treat verruca, a type of wart. The commercial status of Ceresine is unknown, and it is not FDA-approved. Key safety considerations include its short half-life of 0.65 hours. Further research is needed to fully understand its pharmacology and potential side effects.","enrichmentLevel":5,"visitCount":1,"trialStats":{"total":3,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T08:41:07.391193+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":3}}