{"id":"cyclosporine-micro-emulsion","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":"25-50","effect":"Nephrotoxicity"},{"rate":"25-50","effect":"Hypertension"},{"rate":"10-25","effect":"Tremor"},{"rate":"10-30","effect":"Gingival hyperplasia"},{"rate":"10-25","effect":"Hirsutism"},{"rate":"10-20","effect":"Headache"},{"rate":"10-20","effect":"Hyperkalemia"},{"rate":"20-40","effect":"Infection"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Cyclosporine binds to cyclophilin and the resulting complex inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which prevents dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells). This blocks the transcription of IL-2 and other cytokines essential for T-cell activation, thereby suppressing cell-mediated immunity. The micro-emulsion formulation improves bioavailability and reduces food-dependent variability compared to conventional cyclosporine.","oneSentence":"Cyclosporine micro-emulsion is an immunosuppressant that inhibits calcineurin, blocking T-cell activation and proliferation.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:44:06.750Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Organ transplant rejection prophylaxis (kidney, heart, liver, pancreas)"},{"name":"Severe active rheumatoid arthritis"},{"name":"Severe psoriasis"},{"name":"Nephrotic syndrome"},{"name":"Uveitis"},{"name":"Atopic dermatitis"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT00371826","phase":"PHASE4","title":"SOCRATES: Steroid or Cyclosporine Removal After Transplantation Using Everolimus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals","startDate":"2006-03","conditions":"Renal Transplanted Recipients","enrollment":126},{"nctId":"NCT00434590","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Efficacy and Tolerability of Full Dose Enteric-coated Mycophenolate Sodium, in Addition to Cyclosporine for Microemulsion Reduced Dose, in Maintenance Renal Transplant Recipients","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals","startDate":"2007-03","conditions":"Kidney Transplantation","enrollment":10},{"nctId":"NCT00332462","phase":"PHASE4","title":"A Study to Evaluate the Efficiency of Intravenously Administered Cyclosporine in de Novo Liver Transplant Recipients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals","startDate":"2006-05","conditions":"Liver Transplantation","enrollment":34},{"nctId":"NCT00150085","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Safety and Efficacy of Converting Maintenance Kidney and Liver Transplant Recipients With Abnormal Glucose Metabolism From Tacrolimus to Cyclosporine Micro-emulsion","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Novartis","startDate":"2004-02","conditions":"Tacrolimus-associated Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Kidney and Liver Transplant Recipients","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT00706680","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Thymoglobulin in Calcineurin Inhibitor and Steroid Minimization Protocol","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"University Health Network, Toronto","startDate":"2008-02","conditions":"Diabetes, Graft Rejection","enrollment":30}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":0,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"cyclosporine micro-emulsion","genericName":"cyclosporine micro-emulsion","companyName":"Novartis","companyId":"novartis","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Cyclosporine micro-emulsion is an immunosuppressant that inhibits calcineurin, blocking T-cell activation and proliferation. Used for Organ transplant rejection prophylaxis (kidney, heart, liver, pancreas), Severe active rheumatoid arthritis, Severe psoriasis.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}