{"id":"cyclosporine-cyclosporine-microemulsion","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":"25-50","effect":"Nephrotoxicity/renal dysfunction"},{"rate":"25-50","effect":"Hypertension"},{"rate":"10-25","effect":"Tremor"},{"rate":"10-25","effect":"Headache"},{"rate":"10-30","effect":"Gingival hyperplasia"},{"rate":"10-25","effect":"Hirsutism"},{"rate":"10-20","effect":"Hyperkalemia"},{"rate":"20-40","effect":"Infections"},{"rate":"1-5","effect":"Neurotoxicity/encephalopathy"},{"rate":"5-10","effect":"Hepatotoxicity"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Cyclosporine binds to cyclophilin and forms a complex that inhibits calcineurin, a phosphatase essential for dephosphorylating NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells). This prevents NFAT translocation to the nucleus and subsequent IL-2 and other cytokine gene transcription, thereby suppressing T-cell mediated immune responses. The microemulsion formulation improves oral bioavailability and reduces food-dependent variability compared to conventional formulations.","oneSentence":"Cyclosporine inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, blocking T-cell activation and proliferation by preventing IL-2 transcription.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T00:31:41.720Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Organ transplant rejection prophylaxis (kidney, heart, liver, pancreas)"},{"name":"Rheumatoid arthritis"},{"name":"Psoriasis"},{"name":"Atopic dermatitis"},{"name":"Nephrotic syndrome (minimal change disease)"},{"name":"Uveitis"},{"name":"Graft-versus-host disease"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT01282073","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Mycophenolate Mofetil in Patients With Progressive Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Kyungpook National University Hospital","startDate":"2011-03","conditions":"Glomerulonephritis, 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