{"id":"csii-metformin-pioglitazone","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":"variable, depends on insulin dosing","effect":"Hypoglycemia"},{"rate":"common with insulin and pioglitazone","effect":"Weight gain"},{"rate":"10-30%","effect":"Gastrointestinal disturbance (metformin)"},{"rate":"5-15%","effect":"Fluid retention / edema (pioglitazone)"},{"rate":"variable","effect":"Injection site reactions (CSII)"}]},"_chembl":{"chemblId":"CHEMBL595","moleculeType":"Small molecule","molecularWeight":"356.45"},"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"CSII delivers rapid-acting insulin continuously and via boluses to replace endogenous insulin secretion. Metformin reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis and improves peripheral glucose uptake. Pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, enhances insulin sensitivity by activating PPAR-γ in adipose and muscle tissue. Together, these agents address multiple defects in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology.","oneSentence":"This is a combination therapy using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with metformin and pioglitazone to improve glycemic control through multiple pathways: insulin replacement, reduced hepatic glucose production, and enhanced insulin sensitivity.","_ai_confidence":"medium"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:44:00.816Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (marketed combination regimen)"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT01471808","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Effects of Different Early Intensive Therapies on Long-term β-cell Function","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Sun Yat-sen University","startDate":"2011-10","conditions":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","enrollment":264}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":0,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"CSII, Metformin, Pioglitazone","genericName":"CSII, Metformin, Pioglitazone","companyName":"Sun Yat-sen University","companyId":"sun-yat-sen-university","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"This is a combination therapy using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with metformin and pioglitazone to improve glycemic control through multiple pathways: insulin replacement, reduced hepatic glucose production, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Used for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (marketed combination regimen).","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}