{"id":"csa-mmf-cs","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Nephrotoxicity"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Hypertension"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Hyperglycemia"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Infection"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Gastrointestinal disturbance"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Tremor"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Gingival hyperplasia"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Cyclosporine (CsA) binds calcineurin to prevent T-cell receptor signaling and IL-2 production. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) selectively inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, depleting guanosine nucleotides needed for lymphocyte proliferation. Corticosteroids (CS) reduce inflammatory cytokine production and immune cell trafficking. Together, these agents provide synergistic immunosuppression for transplant rejection prevention.","oneSentence":"This combination suppresses the immune system through multiple pathways: cyclosporine inhibits T-cell activation, mycophenolate mofetil blocks lymphocyte proliferation, and corticosteroids broadly dampen inflammatory responses.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:43:54.709Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Prevention of organ rejection in renal transplant recipients"},{"name":"Prevention of organ rejection in cardiac transplant recipients"},{"name":"Prevention of organ rejection in hepatic transplant recipients"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT02864706","phase":"PHASE4","title":"SCHEDULE Follow Up Visit 5-7 yr","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals","startDate":"2016-01-18","conditions":"Heart Transplantation","enrollment":95},{"nctId":"NCT01601821","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Open Label Comparative Study Of De Novo Renal Allograft Recipients Receiving CSA + MMF + Corticosteroids Versus CSA + Rapamune + Corticosteroids","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Pfizer","startDate":"2006-04","conditions":"Inflammation","enrollment":245},{"nctId":"NCT01266148","phase":"PHASE4","title":"SCHEDULE - Scandinavian Heart Transplant Everolimus de Novo Study With Early Calcineurin Inhibitor (CNI) Avoidance","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals","startDate":"2009-11","conditions":"Renal Function and Chronic Allograft Vasculopathy","enrollment":115}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":0,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"CsA+MMF+CS","genericName":"CsA+MMF+CS","companyName":"Pfizer","companyId":"pfizer","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"This combination suppresses the immune system through multiple pathways: cyclosporine inhibits T-cell activation, mycophenolate mofetil blocks lymphocyte proliferation, and corticosteroids broadly dampen inflammatory responses. Used for Prevention of organ rejection in renal transplant recipients, Prevention of organ rejection in cardiac transplant recipients, Prevention of organ rejection in hepatic transplant recipients.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}