{"id":"clofarabine","rwe":[{"pmid":"41896325","year":"2026","title":"Risk factors for alloimmune lung syndromes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in children.","finding":"","journal":"Bone marrow transplantation","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41894500","year":"2026","title":"Primary human intestinal organoids model enteric infection of monkeypox virus and enable scalable drug discovery.","finding":"","journal":"Science advances","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41890705","year":"2026","title":"Survival after intensive therapy or clofarabine in fit older adults with acute myeloid leukemia: E2906 phase 3 trial.","finding":"","journal":"Blood neoplasia","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41826558","year":"2026","title":"Phase I trial of the combination of bortezomib and clofarabine in adults with refractory tumors.","finding":"","journal":"Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41794832","year":"2026","title":"Epigenetic remodeling via HDAC6 inhibition amplifies anti-tumoral immune responses in myeloid leukemia cells.","finding":"","journal":"Cell death & disease","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"9371cb36-5f01-4afa-bbd4-6886ae0fc277","set_id":"0a273a2d-a1ff-412a-925e-696648730dae","openfda":{"nui":["N0000000233","N0000175595"],"unii":["762RDY0Y2H"],"route":["INTRAVENOUS"],"rxcui":["486419"],"spl_id":["9371cb36-5f01-4afa-bbd4-6886ae0fc277"],"brand_name":["Clofarabine"],"spl_set_id":["0a273a2d-a1ff-412a-925e-696648730dae"],"package_ndc":["70121-1236-1"],"product_ndc":["70121-1236"],"generic_name":["CLOFARABINE"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["CLOFARABINE"],"pharm_class_epc":["Nucleoside Metabolic Inhibitor [EPC]"],"pharm_class_moa":["Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors [MoA]"],"manufacturer_name":["Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC"],"application_number":["ANDA208857"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"5","pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary In animal reproduction studies, intravenous administration of clofarabine to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses approximately 0.2 to 1-times the maximum recommended human dose of 52 mg/m 2 based on body surface area (BSA) resulted in embryo-fetal mortality, alterations to growth, and structural abnormalities (see Data) . Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. There are no available data on clofarabine use in pregnant women to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Clofarabine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefits to the mother outweigh the potential risks, including those to the fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Data Animal data Intravenous administration of clofarabine to pregnant rats during organogenesis (gestation days [GD] 7 to 17) at doses of 1 mg/kg/day, 3 mg/kg/day or 9 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 6 mg/m 2 /day, 18 mg/m 2 /day, 54 mg/m 2 /day) resulted in maternal toxicities at the 9 mg/kg dose, as indicated by reduced body weights and food consumption. Developmental toxicity (i.e. reduced fetal body weights and increased post implantation loss) and increased incidences of external, soft tissue, and skeletal malformations and variations (including retarded ossification) were observed at 9 mg/kg/day (54 mg/m 2 ; approximately equivalent to the recommended human dose based on BSA). Altered ossification patterns (extra metacarpal or metatarsal ossification) were observed in single fetuses at lower doses of clofarabine (1 mg/kg/day and 3 mg/kg/day; 0.1- and 0.3-times the recommended human dose based on BSA). When clofarabine was administered intravenously to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis (GD 6 to 18) at doses of 0.1 mg/kg/day, 0.3 mg/kg/day or 1 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 1.2 mg/m 2 /day, 3.6 mg/m 2 /day, 12 mg/m 2 /day), developmental toxicity (i.e. reduced fetal body weights and increased post implantation loss) and increased incidences of external, soft tissue, and skeletal malformations and variations (including retarded ossification) were observed at the 1 mg/kg/day dose (12 mg/m 2 ; 0.2-times the recommended human dose based on BSA). Alterations in ossification patterns (increase in the average numbers of ossified thoracic vertebrae and rib pairs, and reduction in the average number of forepaw metacarpals) and abdominal wall defect were observed at 0.3 mg/kg/day (3.6 mg/m 2 ; 0.1-times the recommended human dose based on BSA)."],"overdosage":["10 OVERDOSAGE There were no known overdoses of clofarabine. The highest daily dose administered to a human to date (on a mg/m 2 basis) has been 70 mg/m 2 /day × 5 days (2 pediatric ALL patients). The toxicities included in these 2 patients included Grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia, Grade 2 and 3 vomiting, and Grade 3 maculopapular rash. In a Phase 1 study of adults with refractory and/or relapsed hematologic malignancies, the recommended pediatric dose of 52 mg/m 2 /day was not tolerated."],"references":["15 REFERENCES 1. OSHA Hazardous Drugs. OSHA. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardousdrugs/index.html."],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION Clofarabine injection contains clofarabine, a purine nucleoside metabolic inhibitor. The chemical name of clofarabine is 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-9H-purin-6-amine. Its molecular formula is C 10 H 11 ClFN 5 O 3 with a molecular weight of 303.68 Daltons. The molecular structure of clofarabine is: Clofarabine injection (1 mg/mL) is supplied in a 20 mL, single-dose vial. The 20 mL vial contains 20 mg clofarabine formulated in 20 mL unbuffered normal saline (comprised of Water for Injection, USP, and Sodium Chloride, USP). The pH range of the solution is 4.5 to 7.5. The solution is sterile, clear and practically colorless, and is preservative-free. 1"],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING Clofarabine injection is supplied in single-dose flint vials containing 20 mg of clofarabine in 20 mL of solution. Each box contains one clofarabine injection vial (NDC 70121-1236-1). The 20 mL flint vials contain 20 mL (20 mg) of solution. The pH range of the solution is 4.5 to 7.5. The solution is sterile, clear and colorless, is preservative-free, and is free from foreign matter. Vials containing undiluted clofarabine injection should be stored at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Do not freeze. Retain in carton until contents are used. Clofarabine Injection is a hazardous drug. Follow applicable special handling and disposal procedures 1 ."],"geriatric_use":["8.5 Geriatric Use Safety and effectiveness of clofarabine has not been established in geriatric patients aged 65 and older."],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness have been established in pediatric patients 1 to 21 years old with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia."],"effective_time":"20220823","nursing_mothers":["8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Clofarabine can cause embryo-fetal harm when administered to pregnant women [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ] . Pregnancy Testing Pregnancy testing is recommended for females of reproductive potential prior to initiating clofarabine. Contraception Females Advise female patients to use effective contraception during treatment with clofarabine and for 6 months after the last dose. Males Based on genotoxicity findings, advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with clofarabine and for 3 months after the last dose [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ] . Infertility Females Based on findings from animal studies, Clofarabine may impair female fertility [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ]. The reversibility of the effect on fertility is unknown. Males Based on findings from animal studies, Clofarabine may impair male fertility [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ]. The reversibility of the effect on fertility is unknown."],"clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES Seventy-eight (78) pediatric patients with ALL were exposed to clofarabine. Seventy (70) of the patients received the recommended pediatric dose of clofarabine 52 mg/m 2 daily for 5 days as an intravenous infusion. Dose Escalation Study in Pediatric Patients with Hematologic Malignancies The safety and efficacy of clofarabine were evaluated in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed hematologic malignancies in an open-label, dose-escalation, noncomparative study (NCT00042341, A Phase II, Open Label Study of Clofarabine in Pediatric Patients With Refractory or Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia). The starting dose of clofarabine was 11.25 mg/m 2 /day intravenous infusion daily × 5 and escalated to 70 mg/m 2 /day intravenous infusion daily × 5. This dosing schedule was repeated every 2 to 6 weeks depending on toxicity and response. Nine of 17 ALL patients were treated with clofarabine 52 mg/m 2 daily for 5 days. In the 17 ALL patients there were 2 complete remissions (12%) and 2 partial remissions (12%) at varying doses. Dose-limiting toxicities in this study were reversible hyperbilirubinemia and elevated transaminase levels and skin rash, experienced at 70 mg/m 2 . As a result of this study, the recommended dose for subsequent study in pediatric patients was determined to be 52 mg/m 2 /day for 5 days. Single-Arm Study in Pediatric ALL Clofarabine was evaluated in an open-label, single-arm study (NCT00042341) of 61 pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory ALL. Patients received a dose of 52 mg/m 2 intravenous infusion over 2 hours for 5 consecutive days repeated every 2 to 6 weeks for up to 12 cycles. There was no dose escalation in this study. All patients had disease that had relapsed after and/or was refractory to two or more prior therapies. Most patients, 38/61 (62%), had received > 2 prior regimens and 18/61 (30%) of the patients had undergone at least 1 prior transplant. The median age of the treated patients was 12 years, 61% were male, 39% were female, 44% were White, 38% were Hispanic or Latino, 12% were Black or African-American, 2% were Asian and 5% were Other race. The overall remission (OR) rate (Complete Remission [CR] + CR in the absence of total platelet recovery [CRp]) was evaluated. CR was defined as no evidence of circulating blasts or extramedullary disease, an M1 bone marrow (≤ 5% blasts), and recovery of peripheral counts [platelets ≥ 100 × 10 9 /L and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1 × 10 9 /L]. CRp was defined as meeting all criteria for CR except for recovery of platelet counts to ≥ 100 × 10 9 /L. Partial Response (PR) was also determined, defined as complete disappearance of circulating blasts, an M2 bone marrow (≥ 5% and ≤ 25% blasts), and appearance of normal progenitor cells or an M1 marrow that did not qualify for CR or CRp. Duration of remission was also evaluated. Transplantation rate was not a study endpoint. Response rates for these studies were determined by an unblinded Independent Response Review Panel (IRRP). Table 3 summarizes results for the pediatric ALL study. Responses were seen in both pre-B and T-cell immunophenotypes of ALL. The median cumulative dose was 530 mg (range 29 mg to 2815 mg) in 1 (41%), 2 (44%) or 3 or more (15%) cycles. The median number of cycles was 2 (range 1 to 12). The median time between cycles was 28 days with a range of 12 to 55 days. Table 3: Results in Single-Arm Pediatric ALL N = 61 CR % [95% CI] 11.5 (4.7, 22.2) CRp % [95% CI] 8.2 (2.7, 18.1) Median Duration of CR plus CRp (range in weeks) 1 10.7 (4.3 to 58.6) CR = Complete response CRp = Complete response without platelet recovery 1 Does not include 4 patients who were transplanted (duration of response, including response after transplant, in these 4 patients was 28.6 to 107.7 weeks). The median duration of CR, including patients who received transplantation, was 47.9 weeks (range 4.3 to 107.7+), where + indicates the patient was still in CR by the study end. Of 35 patients who were refractory to their immediately preceding induction regimen, 6 (17%) achieved a CR or CRp. Of 18 patients who had at least 1 prior hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), 5 (28%) achieved a CR or CRp. Among the 12 patients who achieved at least a CRp, 6 patients achieved the best response after 1 cycle of clofarabine, 5 patients required 2 courses and 1 patient achieved a CR after 3 cycles of therapy."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics The population pharmacokinetics of clofarabine were studied in 40 pediatric patients aged 2 to 19 years (21 males/19 females) with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). At the given 52 mg/m 2 dose, similar concentrations were obtained over a wide range of body surface areas (BSAs). Clofarabine was 47% bound to plasma proteins, predominantly to albumin. Based on non-compartmental analysis, systemic clearance and volume of distribution at steady-state were 28.8 L/h/m 2 and 172 L/m 2 , respectively. The terminal half-life was 5.2 hours. No apparent difference in pharmacokinetics was observed between patients with ALL and AML or between males and females. No relationship between clofarabine or clofarabine triphosphate exposure and toxicity or response was found in this population. Based on 24-hour urine collections in the pediatric studies, 49% to 60% of the dose is excreted in the urine unchanged. In vitro studies using isolated human hepatocytes indicate very limited metabolism (0.2%). The pathways of non-hepatic elimination remain unknown. Clofarabine has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment. Drug-Drug Interactions In vitro studies suggested that clofarabine undergoes limited metabolism and does not inhibit or induce major CYP enzymes. CYP inhibitors and inducers are unlikely to affect the metabolism of clofarabine. Clofarabine is unlikely to affect the metabolism of CYP substrates. However, no in vivo drug interaction studies have been conducted. An in vitro transporter study suggested that clofarabine is a substrate of human transporters OAT1, OAT3, and OCT1. A preclinical study using perfused rat kidney demonstrated that the renal excretion of clofarabine was decreased by cimetidine, an inhibitor of the hOCT2. Although the clinical implications of this finding have not been determined, signs of clofarabine toxicity should be monitored when administered with other hOAT1, hOAT3, hOCT1 and hOCT2 substrates or inhibitors."],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following clinically significant adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the label: Myelosuppression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Hemorrhage [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Serious Infections [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Hyperuricemia (tumor lysis syndrome) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and Capillary Leak Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] Venous Occlusive Disease of the Liver [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] Renal Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] Enterocolitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) ] Skin Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) ] Most common adverse reactions (≥ 25%): vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, febrile neutropenia, pruritus, headache, bacteremia, pyrexia, rash, tachycardia, abdominal pain, chills, fatigue, anorexia, pain in extremity, hypotension, epistaxis, and petechiae. ( 6 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Amneal Pharmaceuticals at 1-877-835-5472 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The data described below reflect exposure to clofarabine in 115 pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) (70 patients) or Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) (45 patients). In total, 115 pediatric patients treated in clinical trials received the recommended dose of clofarabine 52 mg/m 2 daily × 5. The median number of cycles was 2. The median cumulative amount of clofarabine received by pediatric patients during all cycles was 540 mg. Most common adverse reactions (≥ 25%): vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, febrile neutropenia, pruritus, headache, bacteremia, pyrexia, rash, tachycardia, abdominal pain, chills, fatigue, anorexia, pain in extremity, hypotension, epistaxis, and petechiae. Table 1 lists adverse reactions by System Organ Class, including severe or life-threatening (NCI CTCAE Grade 3 or Grade 4), reported in ≥ 5% of the 115 patients in the 52 mg/m 2 /day dose group (pooled analysis of pediatric patients with ALL and AML). More detailed information and follow-up of certain events is given below. Table 1: Most Commonly Reported (≥ 5% Overall) Adverse Reactions by System Organ Class (N=115 pooled analysis) System Organ Class 1 Adverse Reaction (MedDRA Preferred Term) 1 ALL/AML (All Grades, N=115) Worst Grade (NCI Common Terminology Criteria) 1 3 4 5 N % N % N % N % Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders Febrile neutropenia 63 55 59 51 3 3 . . Neutropenia 11 10 3 3 8 7 . . Cardiac Disorders Pericardial effusion 9 8 . . 1 1 . . Tachycardia 40 35 6 5 . . . . Gastrointestinal Disorders Abdominal pain 40 35 8 7 . . . . Abdominal pain upper 9 8 1 1 . . . . Diarrhea 64 56 14 12 . . . . Gingival or mouth bleeding 20 17 8 7 1 1 . . Nausea 84 73 16 14 1 1 . . Oral mucosal petechiae 6 5 4 4 . . . . Proctalgia 9 8 2 2 . . . . Stomatitis 8 7 1 1 . . . . Vomiting 90 78 9 8 1 1 . . General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions Asthenia 12 10 1 1 1 1 . . Chills 39 34 3 3 . . . . Fatigue 39 34 3 3 2 2 . . Irritability 11 10 1 1 . . . . Mucosal inflammation 18 16 2 2 . . . . Edema 14 12 2 2 . . . . Pain 17 15 7 6 1 1 . . Pyrexia 45 39 16 14 . . . . Hepatobiliary Disorder Jaundice 9 8 2 2 . . . . Infections and Infestations Bacteremia 10 9 10 9 . . . . Candidiasis 8 7 1 1 . . . . Catheter related infection 14 12 13 11 . . . . Cellulitis 9 8 7 6 . . . . Clostridium colitis 8 7 6 5 . . . . Herpes simplex 11 10 6 5 . . . . Herpes zoster 8 7 6 5 . . . . Oral candidiasis 13 11 2 2 . . . . Pneumonia 11 10 6 5 1 1 1 1 Sepsis, including septic shock 19 17 6 5 4 4 9 8 Staphylococcal bacteremia 7 6 5 4 1 1 . . Staphylococcal sepsis 6 5 5 4 1 1 . . Upper respiratory tract infection 6 5 1 1 . . . . Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders Anorexia 34 30 6 5 8 7 . . Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders Arthralgia 10 9 3 3 . . . . Back pain 12 10 3 3 . . . . Bone pain 11 10 3 3 . . . . Myalgia 16 14 . . . . . . Pain in extremity 34 30 6 5 . . . . Neoplasms Benign, Malignant and Unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps) Tumor lysis syndrome 7 6 7 6 . . . . Nervous System Disorders Headache 49 43 6 5 . . . . Lethargy 12 10 1 1 . . . . Somnolence 11 10 1 1 . . . . Psychiatric Disorders Agitation 6 5 1 1 . . . . Anxiety 24 21 2 2 . . . . Renal and Urinary Disorders Hematuria 15 13 2 2 . . . . Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders Dyspnea 15 13 6 5 2 2 . . Epistaxis 31 27 15 13 . . . . Pleural effusion 14 12 4 4 2 2 . . Respiratory distress 12 10 5 4 4 4 1 1 Tachypnea 10 9 4 4 1 1 . . Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders Erythema 13 11 . . . . . . Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome 18 16 8 7 . . . . Petechiae 30 26 7 6 . . . . Pruritus 49 43 1 1 . . . . Rash 44 38 8 7 . . . . Rash pruritic 9 8 . . . . . . Vascular Disorders Flushing 22 19 . . . . . . Hypertension 15 13 6 5 . . . . Hypotension 33 29 13 11 9 8 . . ¹ Patients with more than one adverse reaction (MedDRA preferred term) within a SOC are counted only once in the SOC totals. Patients with more than one occurrence of the same adverse reaction (MedDRA preferred term) are counted only once within that reaction and at the highest severity grade. The following adverse reactions were reported in < 5% of the 115 pediatric patients with ALL or AML: Gastrointestinal Disorders: cecitis, pancreatitis Hepatobiliary Disorders: hyperbilirubinemia Immune System Disorders: hypersensitivity Infections and Infestations: bacterial infection, Enterococcal bacteremia, Escherichia bacteremia, Escherichia sepsis, fungal infection, fungal sepsis, gastroenteritis adenovirus, infection, influenza, parainfluenza virus infection, pneumonia fungal, pneumonia primary atypical, respiratory syncytial virus infection, sinusitis, staphylococcal infection Investigations: blood creatinine increased Psychiatric Disorders: mental status change Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorder: pulmonary edema Table 2 lists the incidence of treatment-emergent laboratory abnormalities after clofarabine administration at 52 mg/m 2 among pediatric patients with ALL and AML (N=115). Table 2: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Laboratory Abnormalities after Clofarabine Administration Parameter Any Grade Grade 3 or higher Anemia (N=114) 83% 75% Leukopenia (N=114) 88% 88% Lymphopenia (N=113) 82% 82% Neutropenia (N=113) 64% 64% Thrombocytopenia (N=114) 81% 80% Elevated Creatinine (N=115) 50% 8% Elevated SGOT (N=100) 74% 36% Elevated SGPT (N=113) 81% 43% Elevated Total Bilirubin (N=114) 45% 13% 6.2 Post-marketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of clofarabine. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Gastrointestinal disorders: gastrointestinal hemorrhage including fatalities. Metabolism and nutrition disorders: hyponatremia Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) (including fatal cases)."],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS None. None. (4)"],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action Clofarabine is sequentially metabolized intracellularly to the 5’-monophosphate metabolite by deoxycytidine kinase and mono- and di-phospho-kinases to the active 5’-triphosphate metabolite. Clofarabine has affinity for the activating phosphorylating enzyme, deoxycytidine kinase, equal to or greater than that of the natural substrate, deoxycytidine. Clofarabine inhibits DNA synthesis by decreasing cellular deoxynucleotide triphosphate pools through an inhibitory action on ribonucleotide reductase, and by terminating DNA chain elongation and inhibiting repair through incorporation into the DNA chain by competitive inhibition of DNA polymerases. The affinity of clofarabine triphosphate for these enzymes is similar to or greater than that of deoxyadenosine triphosphate. In preclinical models, clofarabine has demonstrated the ability to inhibit DNA repair by incorporation into the DNA chain during the repair process. Clofarabine 5’-triphosphate also disrupts the integrity of mitochondrial membrane, leading to the release of the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins, cytochrome C and apoptosis-inducing factor, leading to programmed cell death. Clofarabine is cytotoxic to rapidly proliferating and quiescent cancer cell types in vitro ."],"recent_major_changes":["Indications and Usage (1) 7/2022"],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Clofarabine is sequentially metabolized intracellularly to the 5’-monophosphate metabolite by deoxycytidine kinase and mono- and di-phospho-kinases to the active 5’-triphosphate metabolite. Clofarabine has affinity for the activating phosphorylating enzyme, deoxycytidine kinase, equal to or greater than that of the natural substrate, deoxycytidine. Clofarabine inhibits DNA synthesis by decreasing cellular deoxynucleotide triphosphate pools through an inhibitory action on ribonucleotide reductase, and by terminating DNA chain elongation and inhibiting repair through incorporation into the DNA chain by competitive inhibition of DNA polymerases. The affinity of clofarabine triphosphate for these enzymes is similar to or greater than that of deoxyadenosine triphosphate. In preclinical models, clofarabine has demonstrated the ability to inhibit DNA repair by incorporation into the DNA chain during the repair process. Clofarabine 5’-triphosphate also disrupts the integrity of mitochondrial membrane, leading to the release of the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins, cytochrome C and apoptosis-inducing factor, leading to programmed cell death. Clofarabine is cytotoxic to rapidly proliferating and quiescent cancer cell types in vitro . 12.3 Pharmacokinetics The population pharmacokinetics of clofarabine were studied in 40 pediatric patients aged 2 to 19 years (21 males/19 females) with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). At the given 52 mg/m 2 dose, similar concentrations were obtained over a wide range of body surface areas (BSAs). Clofarabine was 47% bound to plasma proteins, predominantly to albumin. Based on non-compartmental analysis, systemic clearance and volume of distribution at steady-state were 28.8 L/h/m 2 and 172 L/m 2 , respectively. The terminal half-life was 5.2 hours. No apparent difference in pharmacokinetics was observed between patients with ALL and AML or between males and females. No relationship between clofarabine or clofarabine triphosphate exposure and toxicity or response was found in this population. Based on 24-hour urine collections in the pediatric studies, 49% to 60% of the dose is excreted in the urine unchanged. In vitro studies using isolated human hepatocytes indicate very limited metabolism (0.2%). The pathways of non-hepatic elimination remain unknown. Clofarabine has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment. Drug-Drug Interactions In vitro studies suggested that clofarabine undergoes limited metabolism and does not inhibit or induce major CYP enzymes. CYP inhibitors and inducers are unlikely to affect the metabolism of clofarabine. Clofarabine is unlikely to affect the metabolism of CYP substrates. However, no in vivo drug interaction studies have been conducted. An in vitro transporter study suggested that clofarabine is a substrate of human transporters OAT1, OAT3, and OCT1. A preclinical study using perfused rat kidney demonstrated that the renal excretion of clofarabine was decreased by cimetidine, an inhibitor of the hOCT2. Although the clinical implications of this finding have not been determined, signs of clofarabine toxicity should be monitored when administered with other hOAT1, hOAT3, hOCT1 and hOCT2 substrates or inhibitors."],"indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Clofarabine injection is indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients 1 to 21 years old with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia after at least two prior regimens. Clofarabine injection is a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients 1 to 21 years old with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia after at least two prior regimens. (1)"],"warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Myelosuppression: May be severe and prolonged. Monitor complete blood counts and platelet counts during clofarabine therapy. (5.1) Hemorrhage: Serious and fatal cerebral, gastrointestinal and pulmonary hemorrhage. Monitor platelets and coagulation parameters and treat accordingly. (5.2) Infections: Severe and fatal sepsis as a result of bone marrow suppression. Monitor for signs and symptoms of infection; discontinue clofarabine and treat promptly. (5.3) Tumor Lysis syndrome: Anticipate, monitor for signs and symptoms and treat promptly. (5.4) Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) or Capillary Leak Syndrome: Monitor for and discontinue clofarabine immediately if suspected. (5.5) Venous Occlusive Disease of the Liver: Monitor for and discontinue clofarabine if suspected. (5.6) Hepatotoxicity: Severe and fatal hepatotoxicity. Monitor liver function, for signs and symptoms of hepatitis and hepatic failure. Discontinue clofarabine immediately for Grade 3 or greater liver enzyme and/or bilirubin elevations. (5.7) Renal Toxicity: Increased creatinine and acute renal failure; monitor renal function and interrupt or discontinue clofarabine. (5.8) Enterocolitis: Serious and fatal enterocolitis, occurring more frequently within 30 days of treatment and with combination chemotherapy. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of enterocolitis and treat promptly. (5.9) Skin Reactions: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), including fatal cases. Discontinue for exfoliative or bullous rash, or if SJS or TEN is suspected. (5.10) Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: Can cause fetal harm. Advise females of reproductive potential and males with female partners of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus and to use effective contraception. (5.11) 5.1 Myelosuppression Clofarabine causes myelosuppression which may be severe and prolonged. Febrile neutropenia occurred in 55% and non-febrile neutropenia in an additional 10% of pediatric patients in clinical trials. At initiation of treatment, most patients in the clinical studies had hematological impairment as a manifestation of leukemia. Myelosuppression is usually reversible with interruption of clofarabine treatment and appears to be dose-dependent. Monitor complete blood counts [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] . 5.2 Hemorrhage Serious and fatal hemorrhage, including cerebral, gastrointestinal and pulmonary hemorrhage, has occurred. The majority of the cases were associated with thrombocytopenia. Monitor platelets and coagulation parameters and treat accordingly [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) ] . 5.3 Infections Clofarabine increases the risk of infection, including severe and fatal sepsis, and opportunistic infections. At baseline, 48% of the pediatric patients had one or more concurrent infections. A total of 83% of patients experienced at least one infection after clofarabine treatment, including fungal, viral and bacterial infections. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of infection, discontinue clofarabine, and treat promptly. 5.4 Tumor Lysis Syndrome Administration of clofarabine may result in tumor lysis syndrome associated with the break-down metabolic products from peripheral leukemia cell death. Monitor patients undergoing treatment for signs and symptoms of tumor lysis syndrome and initiate preventive measures including adequate intravenous fluids and measures to control uric acid. 5.5 Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and Capillary Leak Syndrome Clofarabine may cause a cytokine release syndrome (e.g., tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, pulmonary edema) that may progress to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with capillary leak syndrome and organ impairment which may be fatal. Monitor patients frequently for these conditions. In clinical trials, SIRS was reported in two patients (2%); capillary leak syndrome was reported in four patients (4%). Symptoms included rapid onset of respiratory distress, hypotension, pleural and pericardial effusion, and multiorgan failure. Close monitoring for this syndrome and early intervention may reduce the risk. Immediately discontinue clofarabine and provide appropriate supportive measures. The use of prophylactic steroids (e.g., 100 mg/m 2 hydrocortisone on Days 1 through 3) may be of benefit in preventing signs or symptoms of SIRS or capillary leak syndrome. Consider use of diuretics and/or albumin. After the patient is stabilized and organ function has returned to baseline, retreatment with clofarabine can be considered with a 25% dose reduction. 5.6 Venous Occlusive Disease of the Liver Patients who have previously received a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) are at higher risk for veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver following treatment with clofarabine (40 mg/m 2 ) when used in combination with etoposide (100 mg/m 2 ) and cyclophosphamide (440 mg/m 2 ). Severe hepatotoxic events have been reported in a combination study of clofarabine in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory acute leukemia. Two cases (2%) of VOD in the monotherapy studies were considered related to study drug. Monitor for and discontinue clofarabine if VOD is suspected. 5.7 Hepatotoxicity Severe and fatal hepatotoxicity, including hepatitis and hepatic failure, has occurred with the use of clofarabine. In clinical studies, Grade 3 to 4 liver enzyme elevations were observed in pediatric patients during treatment with clofarabine at the following rates: elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) occurred in 36% of patients; elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) occurred in 44% of patients. AST and ALT elevations typically occurred within 10 days of clofarabine administration and returned to Grade 2 or less within 15 days. Grade 3 or 4 elevated bilirubin occurred in 13% of patients, with 2 events reported as Grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia (2%), one of which resulted in treatment discontinuation and one patient had multiorgan failure and died. Eight patients (7%) had Grade 3 or 4 elevations in serum bilirubin at the last time point measured; these patients died due to sepsis and/or multiorgan failure. Monitor hepatic function, and for signs and symptoms of hepatitis and hepatic failure. Discontinue clofarabine immediately for Grade 3 or greater liver enzyme and/or bilirubin elevations [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] . 5.8 Renal Toxicity Clofarabine may cause acute renal failure. In clofarabine treated patients in clinical studies, Grade 3 or 4 elevated creatinine occurred in 8% of patients and acute renal failure was reported as Grade 3 in three patients (3%) and Grade 4 in two patients (2%). Patients with infection, sepsis, or tumor lysis syndrome may be at increased risk of renal toxicity when treated with clofarabine. Hematuria occurred in 13% of clofarabine treated patients overall. Monitor patients for renal toxicity and interrupt or discontinue clofarabine as necessary [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] . 5.9 Enterocolitis Fatal and serious cases of enterocolitis, including neutropenic colitis, cecitis, and C. difficile colitis, have occurred during treatment with clofarabine. This has occurred more frequently within 30 days of treatment, and in the setting of combination chemotherapy. Enterocolitis may lead to necrosis, perforation, hemorrhage or sepsis complications. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of enterocolitis and treat promptly. 5.10 Skin Reactions Serious and fatal cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been reported. Discontinue clofarabine for exfoliative or bullous rash, or if SJS or TEN is suspected [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) ] . 5.11 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Based on findings from animal reproductive studies and the drug’s mechanism of action, clofarabine can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Intravenous doses of clofarabine in rats and rabbits administered during organogenesis at doses that were below the maximum recommended human dose of 52 mg/m 2 based on body surface area (mg/m 2 ) caused an increase in resorptions, malformations, and variations. Advise females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus and to use an effective method of contraception during treatment with clofarabine and for 6 months after the last dose. Advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with clofarabine and for 3 months after the last dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ] ."],"clinical_studies_table":["
N = 61
CR % [95% CI]11.5 (4.7, 22.2)
CRp % [95% CI]8.2 (2.7, 18.1)
Median Duration of CR plus CRp (range in weeks)110.7 (4.3 to 58.6)
CR = Complete responseCRp = Complete response without platelet recovery1 Does not include 4 patients who were transplanted (duration of response, including response after transplant, in these 4 patients was 28.6 to 107.7 weeks).
"],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Clofarabine has not been tested for carcinogenic potential. Clofarabine was clastogenic in the in vitro mammalian cell chromosome aberration assay (CHO cells) and in the in vivo rat micronucleus assay. Clofarabine was not mutagenic in the bacterial mutation assay (Ames test). Studies in mice, rats, and dogs have demonstrated dose-related adverse effects on male reproductive organs. Seminiferous tubule and testicular degeneration and atrophy were reported in male mice receiving intraperitoneal doses of 3 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.2-times the recommended human dose based on body surface area [BSA]). Rats receiving 25 mg/kg/day (approximately 3-times the recommended human dose based on BSA) in a 6-month intravenous study had testicular findings of bilateral degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium with retained spermatids and atrophy of interstitial cells. In a 6-month intravenous dog study, cell degeneration of the epididymis and degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium in the testes were observed at 0.375 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.1-times the recommended human dose on a BSA basis). Ovarian atrophy or degeneration and uterine mucosal apoptosis were observed in female mice at 75 mg/kg/day (approximately 4-times the recommended human dose on a mg/m 2 basis), the only dose administered to female mice."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
System Organ Class1Adverse Reaction (MedDRA Preferred Term)1ALL/AML (All Grades, N=115)Worst Grade (NCI Common Terminology Criteria)1
345
N%N%N%N%
Blood and Lymphatic System DisordersFebrile neutropenia6355595133..
Neutropenia11103387..
Cardiac DisordersPericardial effusion98..11..
Tachycardia403565....
Gastrointestinal DisordersAbdominal pain403587....
Abdominal pain upper9811....
Diarrhea64561412....
Gingival or mouth bleeding20178711..
Nausea8473161411..
Oral mucosal petechiae6544....
Proctalgia9822....
Stomatitis8711....
Vomiting90789811..
General Disorders and Administration Site ConditionsAsthenia12101111..
Chills393433....
Fatigue39343322..
Irritability111011....
Mucosal inflammation181622....
Edema141222....
Pain17157611..
Pyrexia45391614....
Hepatobiliary DisorderJaundice9822....
Infections and InfestationsBacteremia109109....
Candidiasis8711....
Catheter related infection14121311....
Cellulitis9876....
Clostridium colitis8765....
Herpes simplex111065....
Herpes zoster8765....
Oral candidiasis131122....
Pneumonia1110651111
Sepsis, including septic shock1917654498
Staphylococcal bacteremia765411..
Staphylococcal sepsis655411..
Upper respiratory tract infection6511....
Metabolism and Nutrition DisordersAnorexia34306587..
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue DisordersArthralgia10933....
Back pain121033....
Bone pain111033....
Myalgia1614......
Pain in extremity343065....
Neoplasms Benign, Malignant and Unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps)Tumor lysis syndrome7676....
Nervous System DisordersHeadache494365....
Lethargy121011....
Somnolence111011....
Psychiatric DisordersAgitation6511....
Anxiety242122....
Renal and Urinary DisordersHematuria151322....
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal DisordersDyspnea15136522..
Epistaxis31271513....
Pleural effusion14124422..
Respiratory distress1210544411
Tachypnea1094411..
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue DisordersErythema1311......
Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome181687....
Petechiae302676....
Pruritus494311....
Rash443887....
Rash pruritic98......
Vascular DisordersFlushing2219......
Hypertension151365....
Hypotension3329131198..
¹ Patients with more than one adverse reaction (MedDRA preferred term) within a SOC are counted only once in the SOC totals. Patients with more than one occurrence of the same adverse reaction (MedDRA preferred term) are counted only once within that reaction and at the highest severity grade.
","
ParameterAny GradeGrade 3 or higher
Anemia (N=114)83%75%
Leukopenia (N=114)88%88%
Lymphopenia (N=113)82%82%
Neutropenia (N=113)64%64%
Thrombocytopenia (N=114)81%80%
Elevated Creatinine (N=115)50%8%
Elevated SGOT (N=100)74%36%
Elevated SGPT (N=113)81%43%
Elevated Total Bilirubin (N=114)45%13%
"],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Hematologic Toxicity Advise patients to return for regular blood counts and to report any symptoms associated with hematologic toxicity (such as weakness, fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, easy bruising, petechiae, purpura, fever) to their physician [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . Infection Advise patients of the signs or symptoms of infection (e.g., fever) and report to the physician immediately if any occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] . Hepatic and Renal Toxicity Advise patients to avoid medications including over the counter and herbal medications, which may be hepatotoxic or nephrotoxic, during the 5 days of clofarabine administration. Also, advise patients of the possibility of developing liver function abnormalities and to immediately report signs or symptoms of jaundice. Advise patients of the signs or symptoms of renal failure/acute renal failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7 , 5.8) ] . Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)/Capillary Leak Syndrome Advise patients of the signs or symptoms of SIRS, such as fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea and symptoms suggestive of hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] . Pregnancy Advise pregnant women and females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females to inform their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11) , Use in Specific Populations (8.3) ] . Advise female patients of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with clofarabine and for 6 months after the last dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3) ] . Advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with clofarabine and for 3 months after the last dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3) , Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ] . Lactation Advise females not to breastfeed during treatment with clofarabine and for 2 weeks after the last dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2) ] . Gastrointestinal Disorders Advise patients that they may experience nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea with clofarabine. If these symptoms are significant, they should seek medical attention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) ] . Rash Advise patients that they may experience skin rash with clofarabine. If this symptom is significant, they should seek medical attention. Manufactured by: Amneal Oncology Pvt. Ltd. Telangana 509301, INDIA Distributed by: Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC Bridgewater, NJ 08807 Rev. 08-2022-02"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Administer the recommended pediatric dose of 52 mg/m 2 as an intravenous infusion over 2 hours daily for 5 consecutive days of a 28-day cycle. Repeat cycles every 2 to 6 weeks. (2.1) Provide supportive care, such as intravenous infusion fluids, antihyperuricemic treatment, and alkalinization of urine throughout the 5 days of clofarabine injection administration to reduce the risk of tumor lysis and other adverse reactions. (2.1) Discontinue clofarabine injection if hypotension develops during the 5 days of administration. ( 2.1 ) Reduce the dose in patients with renal impairment. (2.2) Use dose modification for toxicity. (2.4) 2.1 Recommended Dosage Administer the recommended pediatric dose of 52 mg/m 2 as an intravenous infusion over 2 hours daily for 5 consecutive days. Repeat treatment cycles following recovery or return to baseline organ function, approximately every 2 to 6 weeks. Base dosage on the patient’s body surface area (BSA), calculated using the actual height and weight before the start of each cycle. To prevent drug incompatibilities, do not administer other medications through the same intravenous line. Administer subsequent cycles no sooner than 14 days from the starting day of the previous cycle and provided the patient’s ANC is ≥ 0.75 × 10 9 /L. Provide supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, antihyperuricemic treatment, and alkalinize urine throughout the 5 days of clofarabine injection administration to reduce the effects of tumor lysis and other adverse reactions. Discontinue clofarabine injection if hypotension develops during the 5 days of administration. Monitor renal and hepatic function during the 5 days of clofarabine injection administration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7, 5.8) ] . Monitor patients taking medications known to affect blood pressure. Monitor cardiac function during administration of clofarabine injection. 2.2 Recommended Dosage Reduction for Renal Impairment Reduce the dose by 50% in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCL) between 30 mL/min and 60 mL/min. There is insufficient information to make a dosage recommendation in patients with CrCL less than 30 mL/min [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ] . 2.3 Potential Concomitant Medications and Medications to Avoid Consider prophylactic antiemetic medications as clofarabine injection is moderately emetogenic. Consider the use of prophylactic steroids to mitigate Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) or capillary leak syndrome (e.g., hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, and pulmonary edema). Minimize exposure to drugs with known renal toxicity during the 5 days of clofarabine injection administration since the risk of renal toxicity may be increased. Avoid concomitant use of medications known to induce hepatic toxicity. 2.4 Dose Modifications and Reinitiation of Therapy after Adverse Reactions Hematologic Toxicity If a patient experiences a Grade 4 neutropenia (ANC < 0.5 x 10 9 /L) lasting ≥ 4 weeks, reduce dose by 25% for the next cycle. Non-hematologic Toxicity Withhold clofarabine injection if a patient develops a clinically significant infection, until the infection is controlled, then restart at the full dose. Withhold clofarabine injection for a Grade 3 non-infectious non-hematologic toxicity (excluding transient elevations in serum transaminases and/or serum bilirubin and/or nausea/vomiting controlled by antiemetic therapy). Re-institute clofarabine injection administration at a 25% dose reduction when resolution or return to baseline. Discontinue clofarabine injection administration for a Grade 4 non-infectious non-hematologic toxicity. Discontinue clofarabine injection administration if a patient shows early signs or symptoms of SIRS or capillary leak syndrome (e.g., hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, and pulmonary edema) occur and provide appropriate supportive measures. Discontinue clofarabine injection administration if Grade 3 or higher increases in creatinine or bilirubin are noted. Re-institute clofarabine injection with a 25% dose reduction, when the patient is stable and organ function has returned to baseline. If hyperuricemia is anticipated (tumor lysis), initiate measures to control uric acid. 2.5 Reconstitution/Preparation Filter clofarabine injection through a sterile 0.2 micron syringe filter and then dilute with 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, prior to intravenous infusion to a final concentration between 0.15 mg/mL and 0.4 mg/mL. Use within 24 hours of preparation. Parenteral drug products should be visually inspected for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Store diluted clofarabine injection at room temperature (15° to 30ºC). Discard unused portion in vial."],"spl_product_data_elements":["Clofarabine Clofarabine CLOFARABINE CLOFARABINE WATER SODIUM CHLORIDE"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Injection: 20 mg/20 mL (1 mg/mL) clear solution in single-dose vial Injection: 20 mg/20 mL (1 mg/mL) single-dose vial. ( 3)"],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Lactation: Advise not to breastfeed. (8.2) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary In animal reproduction studies, intravenous administration of clofarabine to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses approximately 0.2 to 1-times the maximum recommended human dose of 52 mg/m 2 based on body surface area (BSA) resulted in embryo-fetal mortality, alterations to growth, and structural abnormalities (see Data) . Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. There are no available data on clofarabine use in pregnant women to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Clofarabine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefits to the mother outweigh the potential risks, including those to the fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Data Animal data Intravenous administration of clofarabine to pregnant rats during organogenesis (gestation days [GD] 7 to 17) at doses of 1 mg/kg/day, 3 mg/kg/day or 9 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 6 mg/m 2 /day, 18 mg/m 2 /day, 54 mg/m 2 /day) resulted in maternal toxicities at the 9 mg/kg dose, as indicated by reduced body weights and food consumption. Developmental toxicity (i.e. reduced fetal body weights and increased post implantation loss) and increased incidences of external, soft tissue, and skeletal malformations and variations (including retarded ossification) were observed at 9 mg/kg/day (54 mg/m 2 ; approximately equivalent to the recommended human dose based on BSA). Altered ossification patterns (extra metacarpal or metatarsal ossification) were observed in single fetuses at lower doses of clofarabine (1 mg/kg/day and 3 mg/kg/day; 0.1- and 0.3-times the recommended human dose based on BSA). When clofarabine was administered intravenously to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis (GD 6 to 18) at doses of 0.1 mg/kg/day, 0.3 mg/kg/day or 1 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 1.2 mg/m 2 /day, 3.6 mg/m 2 /day, 12 mg/m 2 /day), developmental toxicity (i.e. reduced fetal body weights and increased post implantation loss) and increased incidences of external, soft tissue, and skeletal malformations and variations (including retarded ossification) were observed at the 1 mg/kg/day dose (12 mg/m 2 ; 0.2-times the recommended human dose based on BSA). Alterations in ossification patterns (increase in the average numbers of ossified thoracic vertebrae and rib pairs, and reduction in the average number of forepaw metacarpals) and abdominal wall defect were observed at 0.3 mg/kg/day (3.6 mg/m 2 ; 0.1-times the recommended human dose based on BSA). 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of clofarabine in human milk, the effects on the breastfed child, or the effects on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in the breastfed child including genotoxicity, advise patients not to breastfeed during treatment with clofarabine, and for 2 weeks after the last dose. 8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Clofarabine can cause embryo-fetal harm when administered to pregnant women [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ] . Pregnancy Testing Pregnancy testing is recommended for females of reproductive potential prior to initiating clofarabine. Contraception Females Advise female patients to use effective contraception during treatment with clofarabine and for 6 months after the last dose. Males Based on genotoxicity findings, advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with clofarabine and for 3 months after the last dose [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ] . Infertility Females Based on findings from animal studies, Clofarabine may impair female fertility [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ]. The reversibility of the effect on fertility is unknown. Males Based on findings from animal studies, Clofarabine may impair male fertility [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ]. The reversibility of the effect on fertility is unknown. 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness have been established in pediatric patients 1 to 21 years old with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 8.5 Geriatric Use Safety and effectiveness of clofarabine has not been established in geriatric patients aged 65 and older. 8.6 Renal Impairment Reduce the clofarabine starting dose by 50% in patients with CrCL of 30 mL/min to 60 mL/min. There is insufficient information to make a dosage recommendation in patients with CrCL less than 30 mL/min or in patients on dialysis. The pharmacokinetics of clofarabine in patients with renal impairment and normal renal function were obtained from a population pharmacokinetic analysis of three pediatric and two adult studies. In patients with CrCL 60 to less than 90 mL/min (N=47) and CrCL 30 to less than 60 mL/min (N=30), the average AUC of clofarabine increased by 60% and 140%, respectively, compared to patients with normal (N=66) renal function (CrCL greater than 90 mL/min)."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL 1 2"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Clofarabine has not been tested for carcinogenic potential. Clofarabine was clastogenic in the in vitro mammalian cell chromosome aberration assay (CHO cells) and in the in vivo rat micronucleus assay. Clofarabine was not mutagenic in the bacterial mutation assay (Ames test). Studies in mice, rats, and dogs have demonstrated dose-related adverse effects on male reproductive organs. Seminiferous tubule and testicular degeneration and atrophy were reported in male mice receiving intraperitoneal doses of 3 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.2-times the recommended human dose based on body surface area [BSA]). Rats receiving 25 mg/kg/day (approximately 3-times the recommended human dose based on BSA) in a 6-month intravenous study had testicular findings of bilateral degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium with retained spermatids and atrophy of interstitial cells. In a 6-month intravenous dog study, cell degeneration of the epididymis and degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium in the testes were observed at 0.375 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.1-times the recommended human dose on a BSA basis). Ovarian atrophy or degeneration and uterine mucosal apoptosis were observed in female mice at 75 mg/kg/day (approximately 4-times the recommended human dose on a mg/m 2 basis), the only dose administered to female mice."]},"tags":[{"label":"Nucleoside Metabolic Inhibitor","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit","category":"target"},{"label":"RRM1","category":"gene"},{"label":"RRM2","category":"gene"},{"label":"PDE2A","category":"gene"},{"label":"L01BB06","category":"atc"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Mature","category":"status"},{"label":"Acute lymphoid leukemia","category":"indication"},{"label":"Genzyme","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 2000s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Antimetabolites","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antineoplastic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Noxae","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"llr":508.4,"date":"","count":317,"signal":"Febrile neutropenia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 317 times (LLR=508)"},{"llr":280.793,"date":"","count":170,"signal":"Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 170 times (LLR=281)"},{"llr":216.976,"date":"","count":57,"signal":"Capillary leak syndrome","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 57 times (LLR=217)"},{"llr":191.978,"date":"","count":101,"signal":"Bone marrow failure","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 101 times (LLR=192)"},{"llr":190.879,"date":"","count":108,"signal":"Blood bilirubin increased","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 108 times (LLR=191)"},{"llr":182.163,"date":"","count":71,"signal":"Haematotoxicity","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 71 times (LLR=182)"},{"llr":178.632,"date":"","count":111,"signal":"Mucosal inflammation","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 111 times (LLR=179)"},{"llr":172.585,"date":"","count":185,"signal":"Sepsis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 185 times (LLR=173)"},{"llr":159.547,"date":"","count":79,"signal":"Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 79 times (LLR=160)"},{"llr":141.418,"date":"","count":54,"signal":"Venoocclusive liver disease","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 54 times (LLR=141)"},{"llr":121.455,"date":"","count":160,"signal":"Neutropenia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 160 times (LLR=121)"},{"llr":118.701,"date":"","count":117,"signal":"Pancytopenia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 117 times (LLR=119)"},{"llr":113.319,"date":"","count":105,"signal":"Aspartate aminotransferase increased","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 105 times (LLR=113)"},{"llr":109.535,"date":"","count":39,"signal":"Aplasia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 39 times (LLR=110)"},{"llr":106.161,"date":"","count":54,"signal":"Hyperbilirubinaemia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 54 times (LLR=106)"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"90%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"84%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Diarrhea","drugRate":"64%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Febrile neutropenia","drugRate":"63%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Pyrexia","drugRate":"45%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Fatigue","drugRate":"39%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Chills","drugRate":"39%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Bacteremia","drugRate":"35%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Tachycardia","drugRate":"35%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Abdominal pain","drugRate":"35%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"43%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Pruritus","drugRate":"43%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Rash","drugRate":"38%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Petechiae","drugRate":"26%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Epistaxis","drugRate":"27%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Pleural effusion","drugRate":"12%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Respiratory distress","drugRate":"10%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Hypotension","drugRate":"29%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Pain in extremity","drugRate":"30%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Anorexia","drugRate":"30%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Jaundice","drugRate":"2%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Hematuria","drugRate":"13%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Dyspnea","drugRate":"13%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Erythema","drugRate":"11%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome","drugRate":"16%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Candidiasis","drugRate":"1%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Herpes simplex","drugRate":"10%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Herpes zoster","drugRate":"5%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Pneumonia","drugRate":"10%","severity":"mild","_validated":true}],"contraindications":["Anemia","Bacterial infectious disease","Bone marrow depression","Breastfeeding (mother)","Capillary leak syndrome","Chemotherapy-Induced Hyperuricemia","Dehydration","Disease of liver","Hyperbilirubinemia","Liver function tests abnormal","Low blood pressure","Mycosis","Neutropenic disorder","Pregnancy, function","Renal failure syndrome","Sepsis syndrome","Thrombocytopenic disorder","Viral disease"],"specialPopulations":{"Lactation":"There are no data on the presence of clofarabine in human milk, the effects on the breastfed child, or the effects on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in the breastfed child including genotoxicity, advise patients not to breastfeed during treatment with clofarabine, and for at least 2 weeks after the last dose.","Pregnancy":"In animal reproduction studies, intravenous administration of clofarabine to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses approximately 0.2 to 1-times the maximum recommended human dose of 52 mg/m2 based on body surface area (BSA) resulted in embryo-fetal mortality, alterations to growth, and structural abnormalities. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to fetus. There are no available data on clofarabine use in pregnant women to evaluate for drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Clofarabine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefits to the mother outweigh the potential risks, including those to the fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.","Geriatric use":"Safety and effectiveness of clofarabine injection has not been established in geriatric patients aged 65 and older.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness have been established in pediatric patients to 21 years old with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Sanofi","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=CLOFARABINE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:43.287890+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofarabine","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:51.137151+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:49.879264+00:00"},"regulatory.eu":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"European Medicines Agency","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ema_api","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:43.396632+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=CLOFARABINE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:50.087677+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:42.183747+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:42.183780+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:42.183785+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: DNA polymerase (alpha/delta/epsilon) inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:51.137110+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1750/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:50.803899+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA208857","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:42.183788+00:00"}},"allNames":"clolar","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["ivozall","clofarabine","clofarex","clolar","evoltra"],"timeline":[{"date":"2004-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from GENZYME to Genzyme"},{"date":"2004-12-28","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Genzyme)"},{"date":"2018-12-27","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 8 manufacturers approved"},{"date":"2019-11-14","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"EMA approval (Orphelia Pharma Sas)"}],"aiSummary":"Clolar (clofarabine) is a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor developed by Genzyme, targeting ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit. It is a small molecule modality approved by the FDA in 2004 for the treatment of acute lymphoid leukemia. Clolar is now off-patent with 12 generic manufacturers available. The drug has a half-life of 4.0 hours and 50% bioavailability. It is used to treat a specific type of blood cancer.","approvals":[{"date":"2004-12-28","orphan":true,"company":"GENZYME","regulator":"FDA"},{"date":"2019-11-14","orphan":false,"company":"ORPHELIA PHARMA SAS","regulator":"EMA"}],"brandName":"Clolar","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Acute lymphoid leukemia","otherDrugs":[{"name":"asparaginase","slug":"asparaginase","company":"Merck"},{"name":"betamethasone","slug":"betamethasone","company":""},{"name":"betamethasone acetate","slug":"betamethasone-acetate","company":""},{"name":"cortisone acetate","slug":"cortisone-acetate","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"RRM1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit","protein":"Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit"},{"gene":"RRM2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2","protein":"Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2"},{"gene":"PDE2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase","protein":"cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase"},{"gene":"POLA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit","protein":"DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit"},{"gene":"PRPS1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase 1","protein":"Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase 1"},{"gene":"UCK1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Uridine-cytidine kinase 1","protein":"Uridine-cytidine kinase 1"},{"gene":"UCK2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Uridine-cytidine kinase 2","protein":"Uridine-cytidine kinase 2"}],"moaClass":"Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Nucleoside Metabolic Inhibitor [EPC]","explanation":"Clofarabine is sequentially metabolized intracellularly to the 5-monophosphate metabolite by deoxycytidine kinase and mono- and di-phospho-kinases to the active 5-triphosphate metabolite. Clofarabine has affinity for the activating phosphorylating enzyme, deoxycytidine kinase, equal to or greater than that of the natural substrate, deoxycytidine. Clofarabine inhibits DNA synthesis by decreasing cellular deoxynucleotide triphosphate pools through an inhibitory action on ribonucleotide reductase, and by terminating DNA chain elongation and inhibiting repair through incorporation into the DNA chain by competitive inhibition of DNA polymerases. The affinity of clofarabine triphosphate for these enzymes is similar to or greater than that of deoxyadenosine triphosphate. In preclinical models, clofarabine has demonstrated the ability to inhibit DNA repair by incorporation into the DNA chain during the repair process. Clofarabine 5-triphosphate also disrupts the integr","oneSentence":"Clolar works by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis, thereby preventing cancer cells from reproducing.","technicalDetail":"Clolar specifically targets the ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit, a key enzyme in the ribonucleotide reductase pathway, which is essential for DNA synthesis and repair."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofarabine","title":"Clofarabine","extract":"Clofarabine is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite marketed in the United States and Canada as Clolar. In Europe and Australia/New Zealand the product is marketed under the name Evoltra. It is FDA-approved for treating relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in children after at least two other types of treatment have failed. Some investigations of effectiveness in cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) have been carried out. Ongoing trials are assessing its efficacy for managing other cancers."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"2004","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 2004-12-28, GENZYME)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/691","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=CLOFARABINE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=CLOFARABINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofarabine","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_emaChecked":true,"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T10:11:13.537314","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:45:53.945931+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"mercaptopurine","drugSlug":"mercaptopurine","fdaApproval":"1953-09-11","genericCount":3,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"thioguanine","drugSlug":"thioguanine","fdaApproval":"1966-01-18","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"cladribine","drugSlug":"cladribine","fdaApproval":"1993-02-26","patentExpiry":"Sep 10, 2041","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"fludarabine phosphate","drugSlug":"fludarabine-phosphate","fdaApproval":"1991-04-18","genericCount":9,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"nelarabine","drugSlug":"nelarabine","fdaApproval":"2005-10-28","genericCount":10,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"clofarabine","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Acute lymphoid leukemia","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":91857003,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"currentOwner":"Genzyme","drugCategory":"mature","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"mercaptopurine","brandName":"mercaptopurine","genericName":"mercaptopurine","approvalYear":"1953","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"thioguanine","brandName":"thioguanine","genericName":"thioguanine","approvalYear":"1966","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"cladribine","brandName":"cladribine","genericName":"cladribine","approvalYear":"1993","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"fludarabine-phosphate","brandName":"fludarabine 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