{"id":"cinoxacin","rwe":[{"pmid":"40768993","year":"2025","title":"Presence and sources of antibiotics in Dongzhai Harbor, Hainan Island.","finding":"","journal":"Marine pollution bulletin","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40572609","year":"2025","title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Profile of Cationic Cobalt Complexes with First-Generation Quinolones.","finding":"","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40559895","year":"2025","title":"Occurrence, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in the Zhuozhang River, China: A Specific Investigation in Water-Scarce and Human Activity-Intensive Regions.","finding":"","journal":"Toxics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"37451578","year":"2023","title":"Groundwater antibiotics contamination in an alluvial-pluvial fan, North China Plain: Occurrence, sources, and risk assessment.","finding":"","journal":"Environmental research","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"37069373","year":"2023","title":"Prioritization, sources, and ecological risk of typical antibiotics in the Huai River, a Chinese major river: a warning about aquaculture.","finding":"","journal":"Environmental science and pollution research international","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"cinoxacin","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Carbonic anhydrase 2","category":"target"},{"label":"CA2","category":"gene"},{"label":"J01MB06","category":"atc"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Mature","category":"status"},{"label":"Urinary tract infectious disease","category":"indication"},{"label":"Lilly","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1980s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Anti-Infective Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antineoplastic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Topoisomerase II Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Topoisomerase Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/zinc-acetate","drug":"zinc acetate","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Zinc Acetate","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"zinc-acetate"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Eli Lilly","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=CINOXACIN","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:19:10.686838+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinoxacin","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:19:18.451372+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:19:16.373984+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=CINOXACIN","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:19:17.402341+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:19:18.451323+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1208/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:19:18.103292+00:00"}},"allNames":"cinobac","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["cinoxacin","cinobac","cinobactin"],"timeline":[{"date":"1980-06-13","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Lilly)"},{"date":"1992-02-28","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 1 manufacturer approved"}],"aiSummary":"Cinobac (Cinoxacin) is a small molecule drug developed by Lilly, targeting carbonic anhydrase 2. It is a cinoxacin class medication, approved by the FDA in 1980 for the treatment of urinary tract infectious diseases. As an off-patent medication, it is available as a generic. Key safety considerations include its bioavailability of 72%. Cinobac is currently owned by Lilly, with a single generic manufacturer.","approvals":[{"date":"1980-06-13","orphan":false,"company":"LILLY","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Cinobac","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Urinary tract infectious disease","otherDrugs":[{"name":"Polymyxin B","slug":"polymyxin-b","company":"Monarch Pharms"},{"name":"acetohydroxamic acid","slug":"acetohydroxamic-acid","company":"Mission Pharma"},{"name":"alatrofloxacin","slug":"alatrofloxacin","company":"Pfizer"},{"name":"amoxicillin","slug":"amoxicillin","company":"Apothecon"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Carbonic anhydrase 2","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"CA2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 2","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 2"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"cinoxacin","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Cinobac competitively inhibits carbonic anhydrase 2, thereby reducing the enzyme's activity and subsequent bicarbonate production, which in turn decreases the pH of the urine and inhibits bacterial growth."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinoxacin","title":"Cinoxacin","extract":"Cinoxacin is a quinolone antibiotic that has been discontinued in the U.K. as well the United States, both as a branded drug or a generic. The marketing authorization of cinoxacin has been suspended throughout the EU.","wiki_history":"==History==\nCinoxacin is one of the original quinolone drugs, which were introduced in the 1970s. Commonly referred to as the first generation quinolones. This first generation also included other quinolone drugs such as pipemidic acid, and oxolinic acid, but this first generation proved to be only marginal improvements over nalidixic acid. Cinoxacin is similar chemically (and in antimicrobial activity) to oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. Relative to nalidixic acid, cinoxacin was found to have a slightly greater inhibitory and bactericidal activity. Cinoxacin was patented in 1972 and assigned to Eli Lilly. Eli Lilly obtained approval from the FDA to market cinoxacin in the United States as Cinobac on June 13, 1980. Prior to this cinobac was marketed in the U.K. and Switzerland in 1979.\n\nOclassen Pharmaceuticals (Oclassen Dermatologics) commenced sales of Cinobac in the United States and Canada back in September 1992, under an agreement with Eli Lilly which granted Oclassen exclusive United States and Canadian distribution rights. Oclassen promoted Cinobac primarily to urologists for the outpatient treatment of initial and recurrent urinary tract infections and prophylaxis. Oclassen Pharmaceuticals was a privately held pharmaceutical company founded in 1985 until acquired by Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in 1997. Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., (also incorporated in 1985), having acquired Oclassen Pharmaceuticals (Oclassen Dermatologics) also acquired the marketing rights contained within the agreement with Eli Lilly to market Cinobac."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1980","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1980-06-13, LILLY)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/657","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=CINOXACIN","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=CINOXACIN","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinoxacin","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T10:02:40.913487","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T04:19:19.680227+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"nalidixic 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Ramirez","startDate":"2014-03-06","conditions":["Osteomyelitis"],"enrollment":11,"completionDate":"2018-11-07"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"_patentsChecked":true,"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000147347","MMSL":"106","NDDF":"002865","UNII":"LMK22VUH23","VUID":"4019087","CHEBI":"CHEBI:3716","VANDF":"4019087","INN_ID":"3513","RXNORM":"151514","UMLSCUI":"C0008806","chemblId":"CHEMBL1208","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL1208","KEGG_DRUG":"D00872","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB00827","PUBCHEM_CID":"2762","SNOMEDCT_US":"387549004","IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID":"12401","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D002937"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[{"period":"1980-","companyName":"Eli Lilly","relationship":"Original Developer"}],"pharmacokinetics":{"source":"DrugCentral","bioavailability":"72%"},"publicationCount":216,"therapeuticAreas":["Infectious 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