{"id":"cinnarizine","rwe":[{"pmid":"41590084","year":"2026","title":"Supramolecular Organogels Based on Cinnarizine as a Potential Gastroretentive System: In Vitro and In Silico Simulations.","finding":"","journal":"Gels (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41556350","year":"2026","title":"Evaluating the Impact of Intestinal Bile Salts on Drug Absorption Using PBPK Modeling: Case Studies With Efavirenz, Cinnarizine, and Posaconazole.","finding":"","journal":"CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41546579","year":"2026","title":"AI-driven ANN and RSM-CCD integrated optimization of cinnarizine-domperidone bilayer tablet: In-vitro evaluation and in-silico PBPK modeling using GastroPlus®.","finding":"","journal":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41218730","year":"2025","title":"Choline chloride-malic acid Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent containing hydrophobic drugs: Insights into solubility and permeability behavior in digestive tract models.","finding":"","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41155973","year":"2025","title":"From Mechanochemically Driven Complexation and Multimodal Characterization to Stability and Toxicological Insight: A Study of Cinnarizine-β-Cyclodextrins Complexes.","finding":"","journal":"Pharmaceutics","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"cinnarizine","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Histamine H1 receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"HRH1","category":"gene"},{"label":"SIGMAR1","category":"gene"},{"label":"DRD3","category":"gene"},{"label":"N07CA02","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Motion sickness","category":"indication"},{"label":"Nausea","category":"indication"},{"label":"Vertigo","category":"indication"},{"label":"Calcium Channel Blockers","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Histamine Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Histamine Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Histamine H1 Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Membrane Transport Modulators","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"phase_2","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":76.942,"date":"","count":11,"signal":"Vestibular migraine","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 11 times (LLR=77)"},{"llr":69.331,"date":"","count":12,"signal":"Medication overuse headache","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 12 times (LLR=69)"},{"llr":56.398,"date":"","count":11,"signal":"Therapeutic response changed","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 11 times (LLR=56)"},{"llr":50.232,"date":"","count":11,"signal":"Endometrial cancer","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 11 times (LLR=50)"},{"llr":35.917,"date":"","count":11,"signal":"Bipolar disorder","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 11 times (LLR=36)"},{"llr":33.993,"date":"","count":5,"signal":"Portal tract inflammation","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 5 times (LLR=34)"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Vestibular migraine","drugRate":"LLR 77","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Medication overuse headache","drugRate":"LLR 69","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Therapeutic response changed","drugRate":"LLR 56","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Endometrial cancer","drugRate":"LLR 50","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Bipolar disorder","drugRate":"LLR 36","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Portal tract inflammation","drugRate":"LLR 34","severity":"common"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_fixedAt":"2026-03-30T16:46:51.767487","allNames":"cinarizine","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["cinnarizin","cinnarizine","cinaperazine","cinarizine","cinnipirine"],"timeline":[],"approvals":[],"brandName":"Cinarizine","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Motion sickness","otherDrugs":[{"name":"buclizine","slug":"buclizine","company":"Stuart Pharms"},{"name":"cyclizine","slug":"cyclizine","company":"Glaxosmithkline"},{"name":"dimenhydrinate","slug":"dimenhydrinate","company":"Alra"},{"name":"meclozine","slug":"meclozine","company":"Citron Pharma Llc"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Nausea","otherDrugs":[{"name":"dimenhydrinate","slug":"dimenhydrinate","company":"Alra"},{"name":"promazine","slug":"promazine","company":""},{"name":"thiethylperazine","slug":"thiethylperazine","company":"Novartis"},{"name":"triflupromazine","slug":"triflupromazine","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Vertigo","otherDrugs":[{"name":"dimenhydrinate","slug":"dimenhydrinate","company":"Alra"},{"name":"diphenidol","slug":"diphenidol","company":""},{"name":"meclozine","slug":"meclozine","company":"Citron Pharma Llc"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Histamine H1 receptor","targets":[{"gene":"HRH1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Histamine H1 receptor","protein":"Histamine H1 receptor","isPrimary":true,"activityType":"Ki","activityValue":8.064},{"gene":"SIGMAR1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1","protein":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1"},{"gene":"DRD3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(3) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(3) dopamine receptor"},{"gene":"ADRA2C","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"HTR2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A"},{"gene":"HRH4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Histamine H4 receptor","protein":"Histamine H4 receptor"},{"gene":"CHRM3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3"},{"gene":"ADRA2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"DRD2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(2) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(2) dopamine receptor"},{"gene":"SCN1A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunits; brain (Types I, II, III)","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"cinnarizine","explanation":"Imagine your brain is like a busy airport, and histamine is like a message that tells the 'air traffic control' to let more planes in. When you're on a boat or a car, your body gets confused and sends out too many of these messages, making you feel sick. Cinarizine is like a 'blocker' that stops these messages from getting through, helping you feel better.","oneSentence":"Cinarizine works by blocking histamine receptors in the brain, which helps to reduce symptoms of motion sickness and vertigo.","technicalDetail":"Cinarizine acts as a competitive antagonist at the histamine H1 receptor, inhibiting the binding of histamine and reducing the associated vasodilatory and neurotransmitter release effects."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/654","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=CINNARIZINE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=CINNARIZINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T10:03:39.647657","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"amiodarone","drugSlug":"amiodarone","fdaApproval":"1985-12-24","patentExpiry":"Mar 13, 2029","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"astemizole","drugSlug":"astemizole","fdaApproval":"1988-12-31","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"benzatropine","drugSlug":"benzatropine","fdaApproval":"1954-03-05","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"benzethonium","drugSlug":"benzethonium","fdaApproval":"","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"bupropion","drugSlug":"bupropion","fdaApproval":"1985-12-30","patentExpiry":"Jun 27, 2026","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"buspirone","drugSlug":"buspirone","fdaApproval":"1986-09-29","genericCount":19,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"butenafine","drugSlug":"butenafine","fdaApproval":"1996-10-18","genericCount":1,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic 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and Safety of Vespireit, Prolonged-release Tablets, in Patients With Autonomic Dysfunction Syndrome Accompanied by Functional Vertigo","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Valenta Pharm JSC","startDate":"2024-01-24","conditions":["Vertigo","Autonomic Dysfunction"],"enrollment":160,"completionDate":"2026-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT05686993","phase":"NA","title":"Effect of a Proposed Cav1.3 Inhibitor in Primary Aldosteronism","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Queen Mary University of London","startDate":"2023-04-24","conditions":["Primary Aldosteronism","Endocrine Hypertension"],"enrollment":15,"completionDate":"2023-09-06"},{"nctId":"NCT01939093","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Therapeutic Effect of Quetiapine on Methamphetamine-Induced Psychosis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Chulalongkorn University","startDate":"2010-03","conditions":["Methamphetamine-induced Psychosis"],"enrollment":80,"completionDate":"2011-09"},{"nctId":"NCT01198106","phase":"NA","title":"A Double-blind Comparison of Scopolamine With Cinnarizin for Prevention of Simulator Sickness","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Medical Corps, Israel Defense Force","startDate":"2009-09","conditions":["Simulator Sickness"],"enrollment":100,"completionDate":"2010-09"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000167127","NDDF":"003951","UNII":"3DI2E1X18L","CHEBI":"CHEBI:31403","INN_ID":"1021","RXNORM":"2549","UMLSCUI":"C0008803","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL43064","KEGG_DRUG":"D01295","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB00568","PDB_CHEM_ID":" N90","PUBCHEM_CID":"1547484","SNOMEDCT_US":"349958007","IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID":"9072","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D002936"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"publicationCount":871,"therapeuticAreas":["Neuroscience"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"N07CA02","allCodes":["N07CA02","N07CA52"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2026 Jan 8","pmid":"41590084","title":"Supramolecular Organogels Based on Cinnarizine as a Potential Gastroretentive System: In Vitro and In Silico Simulations.","journal":"Gels (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"date":"2026 Feb","pmid":"41556350","title":"Evaluating the Impact of Intestinal Bile Salts on Drug Absorption Using PBPK Modeling: Case Studies With Efavirenz, Cinnarizine, and Posaconazole.","journal":"CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology"},{"date":"2026 Feb","pmid":"41546579","title":"AI-driven ANN and RSM-CCD integrated optimization of cinnarizine-domperidone bilayer tablet: In-vitro evaluation and in-silico PBPK modeling using GastroPlus®.","journal":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences"},{"date":"2025 Dec 25","pmid":"41218730","title":"Choline chloride-malic acid Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent containing hydrophobic drugs: Insights into solubility and permeability behavior in digestive tract models.","journal":"International journal of pharmaceutics"},{"date":"2025 Oct 16","pmid":"41155973","title":"From Mechanochemically Driven Complexation and Multimodal Characterization to Stability and Toxicological Insight: A Study of Cinnarizine-β-Cyclodextrins Complexes.","journal":"Pharmaceutics"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"active","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Cinarizine, also known as CINNARIZINE, is a small molecule drug that targets the histamine H1 receptor. It is used to treat motion sickness, nausea, and vertigo. The commercial status of Cinarizine is unknown, but it is likely off-patent. As a histamine H1 receptor antagonist, Cinarizine works by blocking the action of histamine, a chemical that can cause blood vessels to dilate and lead to symptoms of motion sickness and vertigo. This makes it easier for patients to manage their symptoms.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}