{"id":"choline-alfoscerate","rwe":[{"pmid":"41467376","year":"2025","title":"Use of nootropics in Alzheimer's disease: An analysis of regulatory positions and drug policies in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.","finding":"","journal":"The International journal of risk & safety in medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41362980","year":"2025","title":"[Gliatilin in the Treatment of Cognitive Impairments Not Reaching the Level of Dementia: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review].","finding":"","journal":"Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41294786","year":"2025","title":"Clinical Effectiveness of Treatments for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Adults: A Systematic Review.","finding":"","journal":"European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40879226","year":"2025","title":"[Chronic traumatic encephalopathy].","finding":"","journal":"Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40678772","year":"2025","title":"The Care Pathway for Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Korea: A Survey of Dementia Specialists.","finding":"","journal":"Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders extra","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"choline alfoscerate","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"N07AX02","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Antimetabolites","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Gastrointestinal Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Hypolipidemic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Lipid Regulating Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Lipotropic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Nootropic Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"phase_3","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"l-alpha-glycerophosphocholine","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["choline alfoscerate","L-alpha-Glycerophosphocholine","alpha-Glycerophosphorylcholine","alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine"],"timeline":[],"approvals":[],"brandName":"L-Alpha-Glycerophosphocholine","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"choline alfoscerate","explanation":"Think of it like a key that unlocks a door in your brain. Acetylcholine is like the key that helps you remember things and learn new information. Choline Alfoscerate helps make more of this key, which can help improve memory and cognitive function.","oneSentence":"Choline Alfoscerate works by increasing the levels of choline in the brain, which is then converted into acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning.","technicalDetail":"Choline Alfoscerate is believed to increase the synthesis of acetylcholine by stimulating the enzyme choline acetyltransferase, which converts choline into acetylcholine."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/627","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=CHOLINE%20ALFOSCERATE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=CHOLINE ALFOSCERATE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T09:36:53.825570","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"pilocarpine","drugSlug":"pilocarpine","fdaApproval":"1974-07-29","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"cevimeline","drugSlug":"cevimeline","fdaApproval":"2000-01-11","genericCount":9,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"choline alfoscerate","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"pilocarpine","brandName":"pilocarpine","genericName":"pilocarpine","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"cevimeline","brandName":"cevimeline","genericName":"cevimeline","approvalYear":"2000","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07495592","phase":"NA","title":"The Acute Effects of Onnit Alpha Brain on Cognition and Mood States","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Applied Science & Performance Institute","startDate":"2026-04-16","conditions":["Cognitive","Mood and Cognitive Performance","Sleep Deprivation"],"enrollment":34,"completionDate":"2026-08-15"},{"nctId":"NCT07397273","phase":"NA","title":"Acute Effects of Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (A-GPC) on Lower Body Muscular Performance.","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Northern Illinois University","startDate":"2026-03-16","conditions":["Healthy Adult Participants"],"enrollment":20,"completionDate":"2026-05-16"},{"nctId":"NCT02168738","phase":"NA","title":"Investigation of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Metabolic Pathway in Human by Using 13C Labeled Molecules","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Hospices Civils de Lyon","startDate":"2014-03","conditions":["Healthy Subject"],"enrollment":4,"completionDate":"2015-04"},{"nctId":"NCT07267845","phase":"NA","title":"The Effect of α-GPC on Cognitive Function and Sports Performance","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Nanjing Nutrabuilding Bio-tech Co., Ltd.","startDate":"2025-10-21","conditions":["Healthy Participants"],"enrollment":80,"completionDate":"2026-07-05"},{"nctId":"NCT06758661","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Clinical Study to Evaluate Drug-drug Interaction and Safety After Co-administration of D352 and D794 in Healthy Adult Volunteers","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical","startDate":"2024-11-27","conditions":["Dyslipidemia"],"enrollment":40,"completionDate":"2025-02-03"},{"nctId":"NCT05383183","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Efficacy and Safety of ChOline ALfoscerate in Patient With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Daewoong Bio Inc.","startDate":"2022-01-20","conditions":["Alzheimer Disease"],"enrollment":630,"completionDate":"2025-12-09"},{"nctId":"NCT04785144","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Safety and Immunogenicity Study of a SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Variant Vaccine (mRNA-1273.351) in Naïve and Previously Vaccinated Adults","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","startDate":"2021-03-31","conditions":["COVID-19","COVID-19 Immunisation"],"enrollment":135,"completionDate":"2022-07-05"},{"nctId":"NCT05084989","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Safety, and Immunogenicity Study of the Recombinant Two-component COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO Cell)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Jiangsu Rec-Biotechnology Co., Ltd.","startDate":"2022-01-31","conditions":["COVID-19"],"enrollment":948,"completionDate":"2023-02-09"},{"nctId":"NCT05366296","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity Study of a Lyophilized COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Wuhan Recogen Biotechnology Co., Ltd.","startDate":"2022-07","conditions":["COVID-19 Pandemic"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2023-01"},{"nctId":"NCT04733833","phase":"PHASE2","title":"A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of VB-201 in Patients With COVID-19","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Vascular Biogenics Ltd. operating as VBL Therapeutics","startDate":"2021-01-26","conditions":["Severe COVID-19"],"enrollment":5,"completionDate":"2022-10-25"},{"nctId":"NCT04939311","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Immunomodulation Using VB-201 to Reduce Arterial Inflammation in Treated HIV - VITAL HIV Trial","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Priscilla Hsue, MD","startDate":"2022-07-01","conditions":["Inflammation","HIV Infection","Cardiovascular Disease"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2027-07-01"},{"nctId":"NCT04790188","phase":"NA","title":"Effect of a Nootropic on the Cognitive Performance in Young Adults","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Universidad de Granada","startDate":"2021-04-01","conditions":["Cognitive Change"],"enrollment":25,"completionDate":"2022-05-15"},{"nctId":"NCT05257902","phase":"NA","title":"Clinical Effectiveness of Choline Alphoscerate for Older Adults With Major Depression and Subjective Memory Complaints","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Samsung Medical Center","startDate":"2022-03","conditions":["Major Depression"],"enrollment":120,"completionDate":"2024-12"},{"nctId":"NCT05041790","phase":"PHASE4","title":"A Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Choline Alfoscerate Compared to Placebo in Patients With Degenerative Mild Cognitive Impairment","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical","startDate":"2021-09-30","conditions":["Mild Cognitive Impairment"],"enrollment":418,"completionDate":"2024-11-30"},{"nctId":"NCT05050604","phase":"PHASE4","title":"A Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Choline Alfoscerate in Vascular Cognitive Impairment Patients","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical","startDate":"2021-09","conditions":["Vascular Cognitive Impairment"],"enrollment":418,"completionDate":"2024-11"},{"nctId":"NCT03441516","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Effect of Choline Alphoscerate on Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Dementia","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Yuhan Corporation","startDate":"2018-04-19","conditions":["Alzheimer's Disease"],"enrollment":79,"completionDate":"2021-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT03228498","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Choline Alphoscerate-Nimodipine in Vascular Cognitive Impairment","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi","startDate":"2017-05-02","conditions":["Vascular Cognitive Impairment"],"enrollment":62,"completionDate":"2019-07-09"},{"nctId":"NCT03249259","phase":"PHASE3","title":"The Effect of Choline Alfoscerate on Improvement of Cognitive Function in Elderly Patients With Diabetes","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Seoul National University Bundang Hospital","startDate":"2016-03-10","conditions":["Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"],"enrollment":36,"completionDate":"2019-09-30"},{"nctId":"NCT02886130","phase":"NA","title":"Alpha-GPC and Physical and Cognitive Performances in Volleyball Players.","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Université de Montréal","startDate":"2016-08-29","conditions":["Athletic Performance"],"enrollment":28,"completionDate":"2016-12-20"},{"nctId":"NCT02648906","phase":"PHASE4","title":"A Clinical Trial for an Evaluation of Choline Alfoscerate and Donepezil for Cognitive Improvements of Patients With Cerebrovascular Injury in Alzheimer Patients","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co. LTD.","startDate":"2015-07","conditions":["Alzheimer Disease"],"enrollment":128,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT01837420","phase":"PHASE2","title":"A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of VB-201 in Patients With Psoriasis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Vascular Biogenics Ltd. operating as VBL Therapeutics","startDate":"2012-11","conditions":["Psoriasis"],"enrollment":194,"completionDate":"2014-11"},{"nctId":"NCT01839214","phase":"PHASE2","title":"A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of VB-201 in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Vascular Biogenics Ltd. operating as VBL Therapeutics","startDate":"2013-01","conditions":["Ulcerative Colitis"],"enrollment":112,"completionDate":"2014-11"},{"nctId":"NCT02395926","phase":"PHASE1","title":"To Evaluate Safety and the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics After Oral Administration of HT-003 Compared With Choline Alfoscerate Capsule in Healthy Adult Male Volunteers","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co., LTD.","startDate":"2013-10","conditions":["Healthy Male"],"enrollment":24,"completionDate":"2013-12"},{"nctId":"NCT01911299","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Choline Supplementation in Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"San Diego State University","startDate":"2013-05","conditions":["Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","Fetal Alcohol Syndrome","Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome","Alcohol-related Neurodevelopmental Disorder","Prenatal Alcohol Exposure"],"enrollment":55,"completionDate":"2014-05"},{"nctId":"NCT01363648","phase":"PHASE4","title":"The Efficacy of Gliatiline® on Post-stroke Patients With Vascular Cognitive Impairment no Dementia","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Seoul National University Hospital","startDate":"2010-11","conditions":["Cognitive Impairment","Stroke"],"enrollment":222,"completionDate":"2013-03"},{"nctId":"NCT00623727","phase":"PHASE2","title":"BAY79-4980 Compared to rFVIII-FS in Previously Treated Patients With Severe Hemophilia A","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Bayer","startDate":"2008-06","conditions":["Hemophilia A"],"enrollment":143,"completionDate":"2010-10"},{"nctId":"NCT01388738","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Navigation Brain Stimulation for Evaluation of the Neuroprotective Drug Efficiency in Patients After Ischemic Stroke.","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Clinical Institute of the Brain, Russia","startDate":"2011-01","conditions":["Stroke"],"enrollment":30,"completionDate":"2011-11"},{"nctId":"NCT01001468","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Study to Assess VB-201 in Patients With Psoriasis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Vascular Biogenics Ltd. operating as VBL Therapeutics","startDate":"2009-12","conditions":["Active Plaque Psoriasis"],"enrollment":185,"completionDate":"2011-07"},{"nctId":"NCT01159730","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Multiple Doses of VB-201 on Biomarkers","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Vascular Biogenics Ltd. operating as VBL Therapeutics","startDate":"2010-10","conditions":["Biomarker"],"enrollment":320,"completionDate":"2011-10"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000168626","MMSL":"4436","NDDF":"002058","UNII":"60M22SGW66","CHEBI":"CHEBI:16870","VANDF":"4017699","INN_ID":"5203","RXNORM":"2449","UMLSCUI":"C0017889","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL1567463","KEGG_DRUG":"D07349","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB04660","PDB_CHEM_ID":"CH5","PUBCHEM_CID":"657272","SNOMEDCT_US":"111156002","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D002794"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"publicationCount":69,"therapeuticAreas":["Neuroscience"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"N07AX02","allCodes":["N07AX02"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2025 Dec 30","pmid":"41467376","title":"Use of nootropics in Alzheimer's disease: An analysis of regulatory positions and drug policies in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.","journal":"The International journal of risk & safety in medicine"},{"date":"2025","pmid":"41362980","title":"[Gliatilin in the Treatment of Cognitive Impairments Not Reaching the Level of Dementia: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review].","journal":"Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova"},{"date":"2025 Nov 3","pmid":"41294786","title":"Clinical Effectiveness of Treatments for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Adults: A Systematic Review.","journal":"European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education"},{"date":"2025","pmid":"40879226","title":"[Chronic traumatic encephalopathy].","journal":"Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova"},{"date":"2025 Jan-Dec","pmid":"40678772","title":"The Care Pathway for Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Korea: A Survey of Dementia Specialists.","journal":"Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders extra"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"active","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small Molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"L-Alpha-Glycerophosphocholine, also known as Choline Alfoscerate, is a small molecule drug in the choline alfoscerate class. Its exact mechanism of action is not well understood, but it is believed to have neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects. Choline Alfoscerate is not FDA-approved for any indications, and its commercial status is unclear. As a result, there is limited information available on its safety profile and efficacy. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of this compound.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":false,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}