{"id":"chlortetracycline","rwe":[{"pmid":"41900438","year":"2026","title":"Feline-Derived Ligilactobacillus agilis ZY25 and Ligilactobacillus salivarius ZY35 Alleviate Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-Induced Intestinal Injury and Microbial Dysbiosis in Mice.","finding":"","journal":"Microorganisms","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41886440","year":"2026","title":"Bayesian network models to assess antimicrobial resistance patterns of Streptococcus suis isolated from swine production systems in the United States between 2014-2021.","finding":"","journal":"PLoS computational biology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41852696","year":"2026","title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots as fluorescent sensor for doxorubicin and chlortetracycline: experimental and DFT insights.","finding":"","journal":"Nanoscale advances","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41842104","year":"2026","title":"Rapid on-demand design of a tri-band electromagnetically induced transparency terahertz metamaterial antibiotic sensor assisted by deep learning.","finding":"","journal":"Applied optics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41839319","year":"2026","title":"Comparative evaluation of sperm quality assessment methods in purebred spanish horses.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of equine veterinary science","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"chlortetracycline","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Protein-arginine deiminase type-4","category":"target"},{"label":"PADI4","category":"gene"},{"label":"PDE4A","category":"gene"},{"label":"PRNP","category":"gene"},{"label":"A01AB21","category":"atc"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Minor Bacterial Skin Infections","category":"indication"},{"label":"Neonatal conjunctivitis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Trachoma","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1950s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Infective Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antiparasitic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antiprotozoal Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Protein Synthesis Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=CHLORTETRACYCLINE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:22:41.646276+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:22:48.719490+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=CHLORTETRACYCLINE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:22:49.057306+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL404520/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:22:49.776385+00:00"}},"allNames":"aureomycin","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["chlortetracycline","aureociclin","aureomicina","aureomycin","chlorocyclinum","chlortetracyclin","chlortetracycline hydrochloride","chlortetracycline HCl","chlortetracycline calcium complex","chlortetracycline calcium","chlortetracycline bisulfate"],"timeline":[{"date":"1950-01-23","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Aureomycin, also known as chlortetracycline, is a small molecule antibiotic in the tetracycline class. It targets protein-arginine deiminase type-4, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Originally developed in the 1940s, it was first approved by the FDA in 1950 for minor bacterial skin infections, neonatal conjunctivitis, and trachoma. As an off-patent medication, it is no longer protected by active patents, allowing generic manufacturers to produce it. Key safety considerations include its potential to interact with other medications and affect gut bacteria.","approvals":[{"date":"1950-01-23","orphan":false,"company":"","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Aureomycin","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Minor Bacterial Skin Infections","otherDrugs":[{"name":"Polymyxin B","slug":"polymyxin-b","company":"Monarch Pharms"},{"name":"bacitracin","slug":"bacitracin","company":"Pharmacia And Upjohn"},{"name":"cortisone acetate","slug":"cortisone-acetate","company":""},{"name":"hydrocortisone","slug":"hydrocortisone","company":"Merck"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Neonatal conjunctivitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"cefotaxime","slug":"cefotaxime","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"name":"erythromycin","slug":"erythromycin","company":"Arbor Pharms Llc"},{"name":"tetracycline","slug":"tetracycline","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Trachoma","otherDrugs":[{"name":"amphotericin B","slug":"amphotericin-b","company":"Apothecon"},{"name":"demeclocycline","slug":"demeclocycline","company":"Lederle"},{"name":"doxycycline","slug":"doxycycline","company":"Pfizer"},{"name":"meclocycline","slug":"meclocycline","company":"Johnson And Johnson"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Protein-arginine deiminase type-4","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"PADI4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Protein-arginine deiminase type-4","protein":"Protein-arginine deiminase type-4"},{"gene":"PDE4A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A","protein":"cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A"},{"gene":"PRNP","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Major prion protein","protein":"Major prion protein"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"chlortetracycline","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Aureomycin binds to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, specifically to the A site, preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA and thereby inhibiting peptide elongation and protein synthesis."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1950","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1950-01-23, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/624","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=CHLORTETRACYCLINE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=CHLORTETRACYCLINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T09:36:07.273606","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T00:22:51.421203+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"hydrogen peroxide","drugSlug":"hydrogen-peroxide","fdaApproval":"","patentExpiry":"Jul 4, 2035","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"chlorhexidine","drugSlug":"chlorhexidine","fdaApproval":"1976-09-17","patentExpiry":"Oct 2, 2027","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"amphotericin B","drugSlug":"amphotericin-b","fdaApproval":"1964-11-12","genericCount":9,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"oxyquinoline","drugSlug":"oxyquinoline","fdaApproval":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"neomycin","drugSlug":"neomycin","fdaApproval":"1957-03-26","genericCount":12,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"miconazole","drugSlug":"miconazole","fdaApproval":"1974-01-08","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"natamycin","drugSlug":"natamycin","fdaApproval":"1978-10-30","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"tetracycline","drugSlug":"tetracycline","fdaApproval":"1953-11-19","genericCount":34,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"metronidazole","drugSlug":"metronidazole","fdaApproval":"1963-07-18","patentExpiry":"Oct 4, 2039","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"clotrimazole","drugSlug":"clotrimazole","fdaApproval":"1975-02-03","patentExpiry":"May 26, 2042","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"doxycycline","drugSlug":"doxycycline","fdaApproval":"1967-12-05","patentExpiry":"Dec 19, 2027","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"minocycline","drugSlug":"minocycline","fdaApproval":"1971-06-30","patentExpiry":"Sep 8, 2037","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"oxytetracycline","drugSlug":"oxytetracycline","fdaApproval":"1964-09-08","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"chlortetracycline","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Minor Bacterial Skin Infections","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Neonatal conjunctivitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":34298002,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Trachoma","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":2576002,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[{"name":"Bacterial conjunctivitis","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"CHLORTETRACYCLINE","evidenceCount":90,"evidenceLevel":"strong"},{"name":"Bacterial keratitis","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"CHLORTETRACYCLINE","evidenceCount":5,"evidenceLevel":"emerging"},{"name":"Blepharoconjunctivitis","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"CHLORTETRACYCLINE","evidenceCount":0,"evidenceLevel":"emerging"},{"name":"Infective blepharitis","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"CHLORTETRACYCLINE","evidenceCount":0,"evidenceLevel":"emerging"},{"name":"Meibomianitis","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"CHLORTETRACYCLINE","evidenceCount":0,"evidenceLevel":"emerging"},{"name":"Ocular rosacea","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"CHLORTETRACYCLINE","evidenceCount":6,"evidenceLevel":"emerging"}],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"hydrogen-peroxide","brandName":"hydrogen peroxide","genericName":"hydrogen peroxide","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"chlorhexidine","brandName":"chlorhexidine","genericName":"chlorhexidine","approvalYear":"1976","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"amphotericin-b","brandName":"amphotericin B","genericName":"amphotericin B","approvalYear":"1964","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"oxyquinoline","brandName":"oxyquinoline","genericName":"oxyquinoline","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"neomycin","brandName":"neomycin","genericName":"neomycin","approvalYear":"1957","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"miconazole","brandName":"miconazole","genericName":"miconazole","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"natamycin","brandName":"natamycin","genericName":"natamycin","approvalYear":"1978","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"tetracycline","brandName":"tetracycline","genericName":"tetracycline","approvalYear":"1953","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"metronidazole","brandName":"metronidazole","genericName":"metronidazole","approvalYear":"1963","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"clotrimazole","brandName":"clotrimazole","genericName":"clotrimazole","approvalYear":"1975","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT02099240","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Patients Response to Early Switch To Oral:Osteomyelitis Study","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Julio Ramirez","startDate":"2014-03-06","conditions":["Osteomyelitis"],"enrollment":11,"completionDate":"2018-11-07"},{"nctId":"NCT01809444","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"Prednisone Versus Doxycycline in the Treatment of Graves' Orbitopathy","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Sun Yat-sen University","startDate":"2012-11","conditions":["Thyroid Associated Opthalmopathies"],"enrollment":146,"completionDate":"2016-01"},{"nctId":"NCT01727973","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Efficacy of Subantimicrobial Dose Doxycycline for Moderate to Severe and Active Graves' Orbitopathy","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Sun Yat-sen University","startDate":"2012-10","conditions":["Graves Ophthalmopathy","Graves Disease","Eye Diseases","Thyroid Diseases","Endocrine System Diseases","Eye Diseases, Hereditary","Hyperthyroidism","Autoimmune Diseases","Immune System Diseases"],"enrollment":14,"completionDate":"2013-11"},{"nctId":"NCT01886560","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"Low Dose Doxycycline in the Treatment of Corneal Burn","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Sun Yat-sen University","startDate":"2013-09","conditions":["Eye Burns"],"enrollment":40,"completionDate":"2014-09"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"_patentsChecked":true,"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000147769","MMSL":"4431","NDDF":"002741","UNII":"WCK1KIQ23Q","VUID":"4019677","CHEBI":"CHEBI:27644","VANDF":"4017878","INN_ID":"236","RXNORM":"1306093","UMLSCUI":"C0008293","chemblId":"CHEMBL404520","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL404520","KEGG_DRUG":"D02255","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB09093","PDB_CHEM_ID":"CTC","PUBCHEM_CID":"54675777","SNOMEDCT_US":"373509001","SECONDARY_CAS_RN":"64-72-2","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D002751"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","_offLabelChecked":true,"developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"pharmacokinetics":{"source":"DrugCentral","halfLife":"7.0 hours","clearance":"2.0 mL/min/kg","bioavailability":"30%","fractionUnbound":"0.52%","volumeOfDistribution":"0.9 L/kg"},"publicationCount":4421,"therapeuticAreas":["Infectious Disease"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"A01AB21","allCodes":["A01AB21","D06AA02","J01AA03","S01AA02"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2026 Mar 17","pmid":"41900438","title":"Feline-Derived Ligilactobacillus agilis ZY25 and Ligilactobacillus salivarius ZY35 Alleviate Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-Induced Intestinal Injury and Microbial Dysbiosis in Mice.","journal":"Microorganisms"},{"date":"2026 Mar","pmid":"41886440","title":"Bayesian network models to assess antimicrobial resistance patterns of Streptococcus suis isolated from swine production systems in the United States between 2014-2021.","journal":"PLoS computational biology"},{"date":"2026 Mar 17","pmid":"41852696","title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots as fluorescent sensor for doxorubicin and chlortetracycline: experimental and DFT insights.","journal":"Nanoscale advances"},{"date":"2026 Jan 20","pmid":"41842104","title":"Rapid on-demand design of a tri-band electromagnetically induced transparency terahertz metamaterial antibiotic sensor assisted by deep learning.","journal":"Applied optics"},{"date":"2026 Mar 14","pmid":"41839319","title":"Comparative evaluation of sperm quality assessment methods in purebred spanish horses.","journal":"Journal of equine veterinary science"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturers":0,"_genericFilersChecked":true,"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"approved","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"1950","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":"1950-01-23T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":""},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":"1950-01-23T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"LEDERLE","brand_name_local":"AUREOMYCIN","application_number":"NDA050404"},{"country_code":"BR","regulator":"ANVISA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"MX","regulator":"COFEPRIS","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AR","regulator":"ANMAT","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"TR","regulator":"TITCK","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"IN","regulator":"CDSCO","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"TH","regulator":"FDA-TH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"MY","regulator":"NPRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"PH","regulator":"FDA-PH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"CO","regulator":"INVIMA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"ZA","regulator":"SAHPRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"TW","regulator":"TFDA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"HK","regulator":"DH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"IL","regulator":"MOH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"SG","regulator":"HSA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AE","regulator":"MOH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"KR","regulator":"MFDS","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AU","regulator":"TGA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"GB","regulator":"MHRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"CA","regulator":"Health Canada","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""}],"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T00:22:51.421203+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":false,"indications":true,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}