{"id":"chirocaine-ketorolac-epinephrine","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Hypertension"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Tachycardia"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Gastrointestinal bleeding or ulceration (ketorolac-related)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Renal impairment (ketorolac-related)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Local tissue irritation or necrosis"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Allergic reaction"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Chirocaine (levobupivacaine) is a local anesthetic that blocks sodium channels in nerve fibers. Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to reduce prostaglandin-mediated pain and inflammation. Epinephrine acts as an alpha and beta-adrenergic agonist to cause vasoconstriction, reducing bleeding and prolonging the duration of local anesthesia.","oneSentence":"This combination drug provides local anesthesia via chirocaine, reduces inflammation and pain via ketorolac, and enhances vasoconstriction and hemostasis via epinephrine.","_ai_confidence":"low"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T01:05:41.092Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Local anesthesia and hemostasis during surgical procedures"},{"name":"Perioperative pain management"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT03549221","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Efficacy of Adrenaline in Periarticular Analgesic Injection on Postoperative Pain Control After Total Knee Arthroplasty","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Mahidol University","startDate":"2018-01-26","conditions":"Postoperative Pain","enrollment":82},{"nctId":"NCT03025594","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Gonyautoxins Local Periarticular Injection for Pain Management After Total Knee Arthroplasty","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"maximiliano barahona vasquez","startDate":"2017-01","conditions":"Knee Arthroplasty, Pain Management","enrollment":64},{"nctId":"NCT01898052","phase":"PHASE4","title":"The Efficacy of Periarticular Single Drug Compared With Multimodal Drug Injection in Controlling Pain After TKA","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Thammasat University","startDate":"2012-10","conditions":"Postoperative Pain","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT01305733","phase":"NA","title":"Local Infiltration Analgesia During Total Knee Arthroplasty","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Coxa, Hospital for Joint Replacement","startDate":"2011-03","conditions":"Pain","enrollment":60}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":6,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"phase_3","status":"active","brandName":"Chirocaine ketorolac epinephrine","genericName":"Chirocaine ketorolac epinephrine","companyName":"maximiliano barahona vasquez","companyId":"maximiliano-barahona-vasquez","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"This combination drug provides local anesthesia via chirocaine, reduces inflammation and pain via ketorolac, and enhances vasoconstriction and hemostasis via epinephrine. Used for Local anesthesia and hemostasis during surgical procedures, Perioperative pain management.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}