{"id":"caffeine","rwe":[{"pmid":"41904953","year":"2026","title":"Glymphatic influx is negatively correlated with cerebral blood volume in male mice.","finding":"","journal":"Cell reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41902602","year":"2026","title":"Conditional Modeling of GNAO1 Disorder Dissociates Circuit Specific Contributions to Pathology and Rationalizes Ameliorative Strategies.","finding":"","journal":"Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41901129","year":"2026","title":"Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Morning Cognitive and Muscle Strength Measures in Males: A Standardized Approach.","finding":"","journal":"Nutrients","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41901075","year":"2026","title":"Beef-Derived Peptides Mediated Desensitization of Bitter Taste Receptor T2R14 Through GPCR Kinase 2.","finding":"","journal":"Nutrients","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41901052","year":"2026","title":"Brewed Coffee and Its Components Act Through Orphan Nuclear Receptor 4A1 (NR4A1).","finding":"","journal":"Nutrients","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"4aaef558-2517-4e1a-b15e-2fb47859eb48","set_id":"00cc94fa-23b7-4148-87a3-669111267522","openfda":{"nui":["N0000175739","N0000175729","N0000175790","M0023046"],"upc":["0041260003479"],"unii":["3G6A5W338E"],"route":["ORAL"],"rxcui":["198520"],"spl_id":["4aaef558-2517-4e1a-b15e-2fb47859eb48"],"brand_name":["Stay Awake"],"spl_set_id":["00cc94fa-23b7-4148-87a3-669111267522"],"package_ndc":["30142-726-10"],"product_ndc":["30142-726"],"generic_name":["CAFFEINE"],"product_type":["HUMAN OTC DRUG"],"pharm_class_cs":["Xanthines [CS]"],"pharm_class_pe":["Central Nervous System Stimulation [PE]"],"substance_name":["CAFFEINE"],"pharm_class_epc":["Central Nervous System Stimulant [EPC]","Methylxanthine [EPC]"],"manufacturer_name":["Kroger Company"],"application_number":["M011"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"purpose":["Purpose Alertness aid"],"version":"9","stop_use":["Stop use and ask a doctor if fatigue or drowsiness persists or continues to recur."],"warnings":["Warnings For occasional use only Caffeine warning: The recommended dose of this product contains about as much caffeine as a cup of coffee. Limit the use of caffeine-containing medications, foods, or beverages while taking this product because too much caffeine may cause nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, and, occasionally, rapid heart beat. Do not use for children under 12 years of age as a substitute for sleep Stop use and ask a doctor if fatigue or drowsiness persists or continues to recur. If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use. Keep out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away."],"questions":["Questions or comments? 1-800-632-6900"],"do_not_use":["Do not use for children under 12 years of age as a substitute for sleep"],"effective_time":"20250904","active_ingredient":["Active ingredient (in each tablet) Caffeine 200 mg"],"inactive_ingredient":["Inactive ingredients corn starch, D&C yellow #10 aluminum lake, dextrates hydrated, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, FD&C yellow #6 aluminum lake, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, silicon dioxide"],"storage_and_handling":["Other information each tablet contains: calcium 35 mg TAMPER EVIDENT: DO NOT USE IF OUTER PACKAGE IS OPENED OR BLISTER IS TORN OR BROKEN store at 25ºC (77ºF); excursions permitted between 15º-30ºC (59º-86ºF) see end flap for expiration date and lot number"],"indications_and_usage":["Use helps restore mental alertness or wakefulness when experiencing fatigue or drowsiness"],"dosage_and_administration":["Directions adults and children 12 years and over: take 1 tablet not more often than every 3 to 4 hours children under 12 years: do not use"],"spl_product_data_elements":["Stay Awake Caffeine CAFFEINE CAFFEINE STARCH, CORN D&C YELLOW NO. 10 ALUMINUM LAKE DEXTROSE MONOHYDRATE DIBASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 ALUMINUM LAKE MAGNESIUM STEARATE MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE SILICON DIOXIDE 44;226"],"pregnancy_or_breast_feeding":["If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use."],"keep_out_of_reach_of_children":["Keep out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["Principal Display Panel COMPARE TO the active ingredient in VIVARIN ® *See bottom panel NDC 30142-726-10 Kroger® Stay Awake Caffeine, Alertness Aid Equal to About a Cup of Coffee ACTUAL SIZE 40 TABLETS 200 mg EACH TAMPER EVIDENT: DO NOT USE IF PACKAGE IS OPENED OR IF BLISTER UNIT IS TORN, BROKEN OR SHOWS ANY SIGNS OF TAMPERING *Vivarin ® is a registered trademark of Vespyr Brands, Inc. Vespyr Brands, Inc. is not affiliated with The Kroger Co. or this product. 50844 REV1219B22610 DISTRIBUTED BY THE KROGER CO. CINCINNATI, OHIO 45202 QUALITY GUARANTEE 800-632-6900 www.kroger.com Kroger 44-226 Kroger 44-226"]},"tags":[{"label":"Central Nervous System Stimulant","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Adenosine receptor A2a","category":"target"},{"label":"ADORA2A","category":"gene"},{"label":"KCNH2","category":"gene"},{"label":"ACHE","category":"gene"},{"label":"D11AX26","category":"atc"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Capsule","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Established","category":"status"},{"label":"Allergic rhinitis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Apnea in the newborn","category":"indication"},{"label":"Backache","category":"indication"},{"label":"Cluster Headache Prevention","category":"indication"},{"label":"Cluster headache syndrome","category":"indication"},{"label":"Common cold","category":"indication"},{"label":"Hikma","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1940s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Stimulants","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Purinergic Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INEFFECTIVE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"6987 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"PRODUCT USE IN UNAPPROVED INDICATION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"4975 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"HEADACHE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"4448 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"NAUSEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"3910 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"FATIGUE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"3844 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"PAIN","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"3797 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRUG EFFECTIVE FOR UNAPPROVED INDICATION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"3336 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"OFF LABEL USE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"2762 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DIARRHOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"2720 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"VOMITING","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"2649 reports"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Drowsiness","drugRate":"","severity":"frequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Lightheadedness","drugRate":"","severity":"frequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Dizziness","drugRate":"","severity":"frequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Sedation","drugRate":"","severity":"frequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Shortness of breath","drugRate":"","severity":"frequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"","severity":"frequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"","severity":"frequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Abdominal pain","drugRate":"","severity":"frequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Intoxicated feeling","drugRate":"","severity":"frequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Shaky feeling","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Tingling","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Agitation","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Fainting","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Fatigue","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Heavy eyelids","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"High energy","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Hot spells","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Numbness","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Sluggishness","drugRate":"","severity":"infrequent","organSystem":""}],"contraindications":["Achalasia of esophagus","Acidosis","Acute Thromboembolic Stroke","Acute abdominal pain","Acute cerebrovascular insufficiency","Acute erosive gastritis","Acute exacerbation of asthma","Acute hepatitis","Acute nephropathy","Acute pancreatitis","Agoraphobia","Alcohol intoxication","Alcohol withdrawal delirium","Alcoholism","Aluminum intoxication","Anemia","Anemia due to enzyme deficiency","Angle-closure glaucoma","Arterial thrombosis","Arteriosclerotic vascular disease","Asthenia","Atony of colon","Atrophic gastritis","Autonomic dysreflexia","Benign intracranial hypertension"],"specialPopulations":{"Lactation":"Breastfeeding not recommended. Codeine and its active metabolite, morphine, are present in human milk. There are published studies and cases that have reported excessive sedation, respiratory depression, and death in infants exposed to codeine via breast milk.","Pregnancy":"May cause fetal harm. Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy may cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Available data with Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine Phosphate Capsules in pregnant women are insufficient to inform drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage.","Geriatric use":"Respiratory depression has occurred after large initial doses were administered. Increase dosage slowly. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 have not been established."},"seriousAdverseEvents":[{"effect":"Seizure","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Erythema multiforme","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Thrombocytopenia","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Agranulocytosis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Nephrotoxicity","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Mental confusion","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Depression","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Allergic reactions","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Cardiac stimulation","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Hikma","patents":[],"pricing":[{"market":"United States","source":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","asOfDate":"2024-01-03","unitCost":"$0.0807/EA","priceType":"NADAC","sourceUrl":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","annualCost":"$29","description":"CAFFEINE 200 MG TABLET","retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=caffeine","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:51:59.378195+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:52:07.572599+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:52:06.199851+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:51:58.005058+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=caffeine","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:52:06.952611+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:51:56.065698+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:51:56.065757+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:51:56.065770+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:52:08.541904+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Adenosine receptor antagonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:52:07.572176+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL113/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:52:07.426252+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"M011","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:51:56.065779+00:00"}},"allNames":"norgesic","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["anhydrous caffeine","peyona","caffeine","1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxopurine","7-methyltheophylline","cafalgine","cafeina","durvitan","guaranine","thein","caffeine citrate","caffeine, citrated","nymusa"],"timeline":[{"date":"1948-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from NOVARTIS to Hikma"},{"date":"1948-11-26","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Novartis)"},{"date":"2012-08-29","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 6 manufacturers approved"}],"aiSummary":"Norgesic (caffeine) is a central nervous system stimulant originally developed by Novartis and currently owned by Hikma. It targets the adenosine receptor A2a and is used to treat various conditions including allergic rhinitis, cluster headaches, and common cold. Norgesic has been FDA-approved since 1948 and is available as a generic medication. It has a high bioavailability of 98% and a half-life of 4.9 hours. As an off-patent medication, it is no longer protected by active patents.","brandName":"Norgesic","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Allergic rhinitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acrivastine","slug":"acrivastine","company":"Auxilium Pharms Inc"},{"name":"alimemazine","slug":"alimemazine","company":"Allergan Herbert"},{"name":"antazoline","slug":"antazoline","company":"Novartis"},{"name":"astemizole","slug":"astemizole","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Apnea in the newborn","otherDrugs":[{"name":"sodium benzoate","slug":"sodium-benzoate","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Backache","otherDrugs":[{"name":"aceclofenac","slug":"aceclofenac","company":""},{"name":"acetylsalicylic acid","slug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"camphor","slug":"camphor","company":""},{"name":"capsaicin","slug":"capsaicin","company":"Acorda"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Cluster Headache Prevention","otherDrugs":[{"name":"ergotamine","slug":"ergotamine","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Cluster headache syndrome","otherDrugs":[{"name":"dihydroergotamine","slug":"dihydroergotamine","company":"Valeant"},{"name":"ergotamine","slug":"ergotamine","company":""},{"name":"sumatriptan","slug":"sumatriptan","company":"Glaxosmithkline"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Common cold","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetylsalicylic acid","slug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"acrivastine","slug":"acrivastine","company":"Auxilium Pharms Inc"},{"name":"ammonium chloride","slug":"ammonium-chloride","company":"B Braun"},{"name":"azatadine","slug":"azatadine","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Dysmenorrhea","otherDrugs":[{"name":"celecoxib","slug":"celecoxib","company":"Gd Searle"},{"name":"diclofenac","slug":"diclofenac","company":""},{"name":"dienogest","slug":"dienogest","company":""},{"name":"drospirenone","slug":"drospirenone","company":"Exeltis Usa Inc"}],"globalPrevalence":700000000},{"indication":"Headache disorder","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetylsalicylic acid","slug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"citric acid","slug":"citric-acid","company":"Baxter Hlthcare"},{"name":"codeine","slug":"codeine","company":"Ani Pharms"},{"name":"dextromethorphan","slug":"dextromethorphan","company":"Ani Pharms"}],"globalPrevalence":1400000000}],"mechanism":{"target":"Adenosine receptor A2a","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"ADORA2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Adenosine receptor A2a","protein":"Adenosine receptor A2a"},{"gene":"KCNH2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2","protein":"Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2"},{"gene":"ACHE","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Acetylcholinesterase","protein":"Acetylcholinesterase"},{"gene":"GDA","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Guanine deaminase","protein":"Guanine deaminase"},{"gene":"ADORA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Adenosine receptor A1","protein":"Adenosine receptor A1"},{"gene":"ADORA2B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Adenosine receptor A2b","protein":"Adenosine receptor A2b"},{"gene":"ADORA3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Adenosine receptor A3","protein":"Adenosine receptor A3"},{"gene":"PIK3CD","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform","protein":"Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Central Nervous System Stimulant [EPC]","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Norgesic acts as a competitive antagonist at the adenosine receptor A2a, inhibiting the binding of adenosine and increasing the activity of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to increased alertness and arousal."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine","title":"Caffeine","extract":"Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. It is mainly used for its eugeroic, ergogenic, or nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) properties; it is also used recreationally or in social settings. Caffeine acts by blocking the binding of adenosine at a number of adenosine receptor types, inhibiting the centrally depressant effects of adenosine and enhancing the release of acetylcholine. Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine, which allows it to bind and block its receptors. Caffeine also increases cyclic AMP levels through nonselective inhibition of phosphodiesterase, increases calcium release from intracellular stores, and antagonizes GABA receptors, although these mechanisms typically occur at concentrations beyond usual human consumption.","wiki_history":"==History==\n\n===Discovery and spread of use===\nthumb|[[Coffeehouse in Palestine, |alt=An old photo of a dozen old and middle-aged men sitting on the ground around a mat. A man in front sits next to a mortar and holds a bat, ready for grinding. A man opposite to him holds a long spoon.]]\n\n\nAccording to Chinese legend, the Chinese emperor Shennong, reputed to have reigned in about 3000 BCE, inadvertently discovered tea when he noted that when certain leaves fell into boiling water, a fragrant and restorative drink resulted. Shennong is also mentioned in Lu Yu's Cha Jing, a famous early work on the subject of tea.\n\nThe earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee plant appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of the Yemen in southern Arabia. From Mokha, coffee spread to Egypt and North Africa, and by the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia and Turkey.  From the Middle East, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas.\n\nKola nut use appears to have ancient origins. It is chewed in many West African cultures, in both private and social settings, to restore vitality and ease hunger pangs.\n\nThe earliest evidence of cocoa bean use comes from residue found in an ancient Mayan pot dated to 600 BCE. Also, chocolate was consumed in a bitter and spicy drink called xocolatl, often seasoned with vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote. Xocolatl was believed to fight fatigue, a belief probably attributable to the theobromine and caffeine content. Chocolate was an important luxury good throughout pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and cocoa beans were often used as currency.\n\nXocolatl was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards, and became a popular beverage by 1700. The Spaniards also introduced the cacao tree into the West Indies and the Philippines.\n\nThe leaves and stems of the yaupon holly (Ilex vo","wiki_society_and_culture":"==Society and culture==\n\n===Regulations===\n\n\n\n====United States====\nThe US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers safe beverages containing less than 0.02% caffeine; but caffeine powder, which is sold as a dietary supplement, is unregulated. It is a regulatory requirement that the label of most prepackaged foods must declare a list of ingredients, including food additives such as caffeine, in descending order of proportion. However, there is no regulatory provision for mandatory quantitative labeling of caffeine, (e.g., milligrams caffeine per stated serving size). There are a number of food ingredients that naturally contain caffeine. These ingredients must appear in food ingredient lists. However, as is the case for \"food additive caffeine\", there is no requirement to identify the quantitative amount of caffeine in composite foods containing ingredients that are natural sources of caffeine. While coffee or chocolate are broadly recognized as caffeine sources, some ingredients (e.g., guarana, yerba maté) are likely less recognized as caffeine sources. For these natural sources of caffeine, there is no regulatory provision requiring that a food label identify the presence of caffeine nor state the amount of caffeine present in the food. The FDA guidance was updated in 2018.\n\n===Consumption===\nGlobal consumption of caffeine has been estimated at 120,000 tonnes per year, making it the world's most popular psychoactive substance. The consumption of caffeine has remained stable between 1997 and 2015. Coffee, tea and soft drinks are the most common caffeine sources, with energy drinks contributing little to the total caffeine intake across all age groups. Some from these religions believe that one is not supposed to consume a non-medical, psychoactive substance, or believe that one is not supposed to consume a substance that is addictive. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has said the following with regard to caffeinated beverages: \"... the Churc"},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1948","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1948-11-26, NOVARTIS)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/463","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=caffeine","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=caffeine","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T02:33:57.825636","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-19T23:52:10.255928+00:00","fieldsConflicting":2,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"minoxidil","drugSlug":"minoxidil","fdaApproval":"1979-10-18","genericCount":22,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"calcium gluconate","drugSlug":"calcium-gluconate","fdaApproval":"","patentExpiry":"Jul 25, 2037","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"magnesium sulfate","drugSlug":"magnesium-sulfate","fdaApproval":"1981-10-06","genericCount":12,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"mequinol","drugSlug":"mequinol","fdaApproval":"1999-12-10","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"finasteride","drugSlug":"finasteride","fdaApproval":"1992-06-19","genericCount":17,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"hydroquinone","drugSlug":"hydroquinone","fdaApproval":"2002-01-18","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"pyrithione zinc","drugSlug":"pyrithione-zinc","fdaApproval":"","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"monobenzone","drugSlug":"monobenzone","fdaApproval":"1952-11-10","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"eflornithine","drugSlug":"eflornithine","fdaApproval":"1990-11-28","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"diclofenac","drugSlug":"diclofenac","fdaApproval":"1988-07-28","patentExpiry":"Apr 23, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"brimonidine","drugSlug":"brimonidine","fdaApproval":"1996-09-06","patentExpiry":"Mar 25, 2031","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ivermectin","drugSlug":"ivermectin","fdaApproval":"1996-11-22","patentExpiry":"Mar 13, 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