{"id":"cafedrine","rwe":[{"pmid":"41900782","year":"2026","title":"Pharmacometric Analysis of Cafedrine/Theodrenaline Versus Ephedrine on Maternal Hemodynamics and Neonatal Acidosis During Cesarean Section.","finding":"","journal":"Pharmaceutics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41303089","year":"2025","title":"Blood Pressure Optimization During Fetoscopic Repair of Open Spinal Dysraphism: Insights from Advanced Hemodynamic Monitoring.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40005399","year":"2025","title":"Impact of Fentanyl on Recovery Times and Hypotensive Events in Ophthalmic Surgery: A Comparative Study.","finding":"","journal":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"38720661","year":"2024","title":"Population kinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the haemodynamic effects of cafedrine/theodrenaline (Akrinor) under general anaesthesia.","finding":"","journal":"British journal of clinical pharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"37758747","year":"2023","title":"A fixed 20:1 combination of cafedrine/theodrenaline increases cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in human tracheal epithelial cells via ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca(2+) release.","finding":"","journal":"Scientific reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"cafedrine","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"C01CA21","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Antihypertensive Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Vasodilator Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"phase_2","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"(-)-cafedrine","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["cafedrine","(-)-Cafedrine","l-Cafedrine"],"timeline":[],"brandName":"(-)-Cafedrine","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"cafedrine","explanation":"Imagine your brain is like a computer, and (-)-Cafedrine is like a software update that makes you feel more alert and awake. It does this by increasing the activity of certain chemicals in the brain that help you feel more focused and energized. This can be helpful for people who need a mental boost, but it's also important to use it carefully and follow the recommended dosage.","oneSentence":"(-)-Cafedrine is believed to work by interacting with the body's central nervous system to produce a stimulant effect.","technicalDetail":"(-)-Cafedrine is a stimulant that likely acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, increasing the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine, which play a key role in attention and arousal."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/462","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=CAFEDRINE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=CAFEDRINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T09:06:28.052112","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"isoprenaline","drugSlug":"isoprenaline","fdaApproval":"1956-03-09","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"norepinephrine","drugSlug":"norepinephrine","fdaApproval":"1950-07-13","patentExpiry":"Mar 8, 2041","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"dopamine","drugSlug":"dopamine","fdaApproval":"1974-02-25","genericCount":9,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"phenylephrine","drugSlug":"phenylephrine","fdaApproval":"1952-01-21","patentExpiry":"Sep 26, 2036","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"dobutamine","drugSlug":"dobutamine","fdaApproval":"1978-07-18","genericCount":10,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"metaraminol","drugSlug":"metaraminol","fdaApproval":"1954-09-29","genericCount":5,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"methoxamine","drugSlug":"methoxamine","fdaApproval":"","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"mephentermine","drugSlug":"mephentermine","fdaApproval":"1951-12-29","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"midodrine","drugSlug":"midodrine","fdaApproval":"1996-09-06","genericCount":14,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic 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available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"cafedrine","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"isoprenaline","brandName":"isoprenaline","genericName":"isoprenaline","approvalYear":"1956","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"norepinephrine","brandName":"norepinephrine","genericName":"norepinephrine","approvalYear":"1950","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"dopamine","brandName":"dopamine","genericName":"dopamine","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"phenylephrine","brandName":"phenylephrine","genericName":"phenylephrine","approvalYear":"1952","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"dobutamine","brandName":"dobutamine","genericName":"dobutamine","approvalYear":"1978","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"metaraminol","brandName":"metaraminol","genericName":"metaraminol","approvalYear":"1954","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"methoxamine","brandName":"methoxamine","genericName":"methoxamine","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"mephentermine","brandName":"mephentermine","genericName":"mephentermine","approvalYear":"1951","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"midodrine","brandName":"midodrine","genericName":"midodrine","approvalYear":"1996","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"fenoldopam","brandName":"fenoldopam","genericName":"fenoldopam","approvalYear":"1997","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT02893241","phase":"","title":"Cafedrin/Theodrenalin (Akrinor®) Versus Ephedrine for Treatment of Hypotension in the Peri-operative Phase in Inpatient Setting","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ratiopharm GmbH","startDate":"2016-04-30","conditions":["Hypotension"],"enrollment":2013,"completionDate":"2017-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT02559141","phase":"NA","title":"Non-invasive Early Goal Directed Therapy in Colorectal Surgery: a Feasibility Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein","startDate":"2014-03","conditions":["Perioperative/Postoperative Complications","C.Surgical Procedure; Digestive System"],"enrollment":80,"completionDate":"2015-10"},{"nctId":"NCT01311414","phase":"NA","title":"Effect of Cafedrine/Theodrenaline and Urapidil on Cerebral Oxygenation","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein","startDate":"","conditions":["Cerebral Ischemia"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":""}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"crossReferences":{"NDDF":"005744","UNII":"0UYY5V4U2Q","CHEBI":"CHEBI:135510","INN_ID":"1668","RXNORM":"47589","UMLSCUI":"C0068978","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL2104207","KEGG_DRUG":"D07151","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB12926","PUBCHEM_CID":"71740","MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI":"C002749"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"publicationCount":37,"therapeuticAreas":["Neuroscience"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"C01CA21","allCodes":["C01CA21"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2026 Feb 27","pmid":"41900782","title":"Pharmacometric Analysis of Cafedrine/Theodrenaline Versus Ephedrine on Maternal Hemodynamics and Neonatal Acidosis During Cesarean Section.","journal":"Pharmaceutics"},{"date":"2025 Nov 13","pmid":"41303089","title":"Blood Pressure Optimization During Fetoscopic Repair of Open Spinal Dysraphism: Insights from Advanced Hemodynamic Monitoring.","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine"},{"date":"2025 Feb 6","pmid":"40005399","title":"Impact of Fentanyl on Recovery Times and Hypotensive Events in Ophthalmic Surgery: A Comparative Study.","journal":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)"},{"date":"2024 Aug","pmid":"38720661","title":"Population kinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the haemodynamic effects of cafedrine/theodrenaline (Akrinor) under general anaesthesia.","journal":"British journal of clinical pharmacology"},{"date":"2023 Sep 27","pmid":"37758747","title":"A fixed 20:1 combination of cafedrine/theodrenaline increases cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in human tracheal epithelial cells via ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca(2+) release.","journal":"Scientific reports"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"active","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"(-)-Cafedrine, also known as CAFEDRINE, is a small molecule drug in the cafedrine class. Unfortunately, there is limited information available on this compound, including its target, approved indications, and pharmacokinetic properties. As a result, its clinical use and safety profile are unclear. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of (-)-Cafedrine. Its commercial status and patent status are also unknown.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":false,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}