{"id":"butorphanol-and-dexmedetomindine","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Sedation"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Dizziness"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Nausea"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Hypotension"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Bradycardia"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Dry mouth"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Butorphanol binds to opioid receptors (primarily kappa and sigma agonist, mu antagonist/partial agonist) to provide pain relief. Dexmedetomidine selectively binds alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system to produce sedation, anxiolysis, and analgesia. The combination is used for perioperative sedation and analgesia, with complementary mechanisms reducing the required dose of each agent.","oneSentence":"Butorphanol acts as a mixed opioid agonist-antagonist while dexmedetomidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, together providing analgesia, sedation, and anxiolysis.","_ai_confidence":"medium"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T00:29:12.938Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Perioperative sedation and analgesia"},{"name":"Premedication for anesthesia"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT05024799","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Effect of Different Sedation and Analgesia Strategies on Patients With Mechanical Ventilation","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","startDate":"2022-01","conditions":"Respiratory Insufficiency","enrollment":300}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":0,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Butorphanol and dexmedetomindine","genericName":"Butorphanol and dexmedetomindine","companyName":"The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","companyId":"the-affiliated-hospital-of-qingdao-university","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Butorphanol acts as a mixed opioid agonist-antagonist while dexmedetomidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, together providing analgesia, sedation, and anxiolysis. Used for Perioperative sedation and analgesia, Premedication for anesthesia.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}