{"id":"bupivacaine-spinal-0-5-heavy-titration","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":"10-30","effect":"Hypotension"},{"rate":"5-15","effect":"Bradycardia"},{"rate":"1-5","effect":"Headache (post-dural puncture)"},{"rate":"5-10","effect":"Nausea"},{"rate":"1-3","effect":"Transient neurological symptoms"},{"rate":"5-15","effect":"Urinary retention"},{"rate":"rare","effect":"Bupivacaine toxicity (systemic)"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Bupivacaine reversibly binds to and inactivates voltage-gated sodium channels on the inner surface of nerve cell membranes, preventing depolarization and conduction of nerve impulses. The 0.5% heavy formulation (isobaric or hyperbaric) is used for spinal anesthesia, where it diffuses into the cerebrospinal fluid to block sensory and motor nerves in a dose-dependent manner. Titration allows gradual dosing to achieve the desired level of anesthesia while minimizing systemic toxicity.","oneSentence":"Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that blocks sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the initiation and propagation of action potentials.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T00:22:47.991Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Spinal anesthesia for surgical procedures"},{"name":"Spinal anesthesia for obstetric procedures"}]},"trialDetails":[],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":0,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":["Rose titration"],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Bupivacaine Spinal 0,5% Heavy - titration","genericName":"Bupivacaine Spinal 0,5% Heavy - titration","companyName":"Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education","companyId":"centre-of-postgraduate-medical-education","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that blocks sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the initiation and propagation of action potentials. Used for Spinal anesthesia for surgical procedures, Spinal anesthesia for obstetric procedures.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":false,"score":3}}