{"id":"bupivacaine-injection-marcaine","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Systemic toxicity (CNS effects: tremor, seizures, loss of consciousness)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Cardiovascular effects (hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Local reactions (pain, erythema at injection site)"},{"rate":"rare","effect":"Allergic reactions"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Bupivacaine reversibly binds to and inactivates voltage-gated sodium channels on the inner surface of nerve cell membranes, thereby preventing depolarization and action potential propagation. This results in a loss of sensation in the injected area while preserving motor function at lower concentrations. The drug has a long duration of action (4–8 hours) due to its high lipophilicity and protein binding.","oneSentence":"Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that blocks sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:41:09.712Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Local and regional anesthesia for surgical procedures"},{"name":"Infiltration anesthesia"},{"name":"Nerve blocks"},{"name":"Epidural and spinal anesthesia"}]},"trialDetails":[],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":239,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Bupivacaine Injection [Marcaine]","genericName":"Bupivacaine Injection [Marcaine]","companyName":"South Egypt Cancer Institute","companyId":"south-egypt-cancer-institute","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that blocks sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses. Used for Local and regional anesthesia for surgical procedures, Infiltration anesthesia, Nerve blocks.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"trialStats":{"total":1,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":false,"score":3}}