{"id":"bupivacaine-alone","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Hypotension"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Bradycardia"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Dizziness"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Tinnitus"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Systemic toxicity (CNS and cardiac effects at high doses)"},{"rate":"rare","effect":"Allergic reactions"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Bupivacaine reversibly binds to and blocks voltage-gated sodium channels on the inner surface of nerve cell membranes, preventing depolarization and action potential propagation. This results in local anesthesia and loss of sensation in the area where it is administered. 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