{"id":"bupivacaine-0-5","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Systemic toxicity (CNS effects: tremor, seizures, loss of consciousness)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Cardiovascular effects (hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Local reactions (pain, erythema at injection site)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Allergic reactions (rare with amide local anesthetics)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Methemoglobinemia (rare, dose-dependent)"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Bupivacaine reversibly binds to and inactivates voltage-gated sodium channels on the inner surface of nerve cell membranes, thereby preventing depolarization and action potential generation. This blocks conduction of sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve impulses in a dose-dependent manner. The drug is long-acting due to its high lipophilicity and protein binding, allowing sustained local anesthesia.","oneSentence":"Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that blocks sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the initiation and propagation of nerve impulses.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T00:29:00.941Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Local and regional anesthesia for surgical procedures"},{"name":"Infiltration anesthesia"},{"name":"Nerve blocks"},{"name":"Epidural and spinal anesthesia"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07496632","phase":"NA","title":"Effect of Scalp Block on Intraoperative Hemodynamics and Postoperative Pain in Craniotomy Patients\"","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Bangladesh Medical University","startDate":"2026-04","conditions":"Scalp Block","enrollment":72},{"nctId":"NCT07497646","phase":"NA","title":"Repeated Bilateral Greater Occipital Nerve Blockade in Chronic Migraine and Chronic Tension-Type Headache","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi","startDate":"2025-01-01","conditions":"Chronic Migraine Headache, Chronic Tension-type Headache","enrollment":290},{"nctId":"NCT07496970","phase":"NA","title":"Bilateral Cervical Plexus Block for Postoperative Pain After Thyroidectomy","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Gaziantep","startDate":"2023-03-15","conditions":"Postoperative Pain","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT07292324","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Continuous Epidural With Dexmedetomidine Adjuvant in Gynecologic Laparotomy","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Udayana University","startDate":"2025-08-21","conditions":"Post Operative Pain, Acute, Chronic Post Surgical Pain, Gynecologic Disease","enrollment":62},{"nctId":"NCT05845125","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Evolution of Post-Stroke Shoulder Pain With a Capsular Pattern With Physiotherapy Alone Versus Coupled With Mild Arthrographic Distension With Cortisone","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Claire Bourgeois","startDate":"2023-05-21","conditions":"Shoulder Pain","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT07001605","phase":"NA","title":"Erector Spinae Block Vs Ketamine-based Multimodal Analgesia Protocol in Lumber Decompressive Surgery","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Kasr El Aini Hospital","startDate":"2025-06-20","conditions":"Spinal Decompression, Analgesia, Erector Spinae Plane Block","enrollment":62},{"nctId":"NCT07483814","phase":"","title":"Comparison of Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of Interscalene and Suprascapular Blocks Used in Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Aydin Adnan Menderes University","startDate":"2024-01-01","conditions":"Postoperative Acute Pain, Chronic Pain","enrollment":84},{"nctId":"NCT07294352","phase":"NA","title":"Comparison of Intrathecal Nalbuphine Versus Intrathecal Tramadol as Adjuvants in Subarachnoid Block for Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgeries","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry","startDate":"2026-01-01","conditions":"Adjuvants, Anesthesia, Subarachnoid Block","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT06885086","phase":"","title":"ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) and Multimodal Analgesia in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Cukurova University","startDate":"2025-06-13","conditions":"Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy","enrollment":120},{"nctId":"NCT07475689","phase":"NA","title":"Sidekick vs Conventional Cannula in Lumbar Medial Branch Radiofrequency Ablation","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi Gulhane Tip Fakultesi","startDate":"2024-08-01","conditions":"Facet Joint Pain; 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