{"id":"bupivacaine-0-167","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Systemic toxicity (CNS effects: tremor, seizures, loss of consciousness)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Cardiovascular effects (hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Local reactions (pain, erythema at injection site)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Allergic reactions"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Bupivacaine reversibly binds to and inactivates voltage-gated sodium channels on the inner surface of nerve cell membranes, thereby preventing depolarization and action potential propagation. This results in a loss of sensation in the area where it is administered. The drug has a relatively long duration of action compared to other local anesthetics due to its high lipophilicity and protein binding.","oneSentence":"Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that blocks sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:40:54.725Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Local and regional anesthesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures"},{"name":"Pain management in infiltration anesthesia, nerve blocks, and epidural/spinal anesthesia"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT02820688","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Concentration-Volume Relationship in Infraclavicular Block","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital","startDate":"2016-06","conditions":"Brachial Plexus Blockade","enrollment":81}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":2,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":["Marcaine"],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Bupivacaine 0.167%","genericName":"Bupivacaine 0.167%","companyName":"Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital","companyId":"bozyaka-training-and-research-hospital","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that blocks sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses. Used for Local and regional anesthesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures, Pain management in infiltration anesthesia, nerve blocks, and epidural/spinal anesthesia.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}