{"id":"bromperidol","rwe":[{"pmid":"38034668","year":"2023","title":"Evaluation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by antipsychotic drugs using spontaneous reporting system.","finding":"","journal":"Heliyon","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"37441162","year":"2023","title":"Hybrid neural network approaches to predict drug-target binding affinity for drug repurposing: screening for potential leads for Alzheimer's disease.","finding":"","journal":"Frontiers in molecular biosciences","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"35563011","year":"2022","title":"The Influence of Selected Antipsychotic Drugs on Biochemical Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease.","finding":"","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"34334499","year":"2021","title":"Inhibitory Effects of Antipsychotics on the Contractile Response to Acetylcholine in Rat Urinary Bladder Smooth Muscles.","finding":"","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"33596679","year":"2021","title":"Maintenance Treatment With Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics for People With Nonaffective Psychoses: A Network Meta-Analysis.","finding":"","journal":"The American journal of psychiatry","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"bromperidol","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1","category":"target"},{"label":"SIGMAR1","category":"gene"},{"label":"DRD2","category":"gene"},{"label":"DRD4","category":"gene"},{"label":"N05AD06","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Antipsychotic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Depressants","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Psychotropic Drugs","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Tranquilizing Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"discontinued","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"azurene","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["bromperidol hydrochloride","bromperidol HCl","tesoprel","bromperidol","azurene","bromoperidol","impromen"],"timeline":[{"date":"1973-01-01","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"YEAR INTRODUCED approval"}],"aiSummary":"Azurene (Bromperidol) is a small molecule drug that targets the Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1. It belongs to the bromperidol class and is used to treat various conditions, although its approved indications are unknown. The commercial status of Azurene is unclear, and it is not known whether it is patented or available as a generic medication. Key safety considerations for Azurene are not well-documented. Further research is needed to fully understand its pharmacological properties and potential risks.","brandName":"Azurene","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"target":"D(4) dopamine receptor, Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor, D(1A) dopamine receptor","targets":[{"gene":"SIGMAR1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1","protein":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1"},{"gene":"DRD2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(2) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(2) dopamine receptor"},{"gene":"DRD4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(4) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(4) dopamine receptor"},{"gene":"DRD3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(3) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(3) dopamine receptor"},{"gene":"ADRA1A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"DRD1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(1A) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(1A) dopamine receptor"},{"gene":"HRH1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Histamine H1 receptor","protein":"Histamine H1 receptor"},{"gene":"CHRM4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4"},{"gene":"CHRM2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2"},{"gene":"CHRM5","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"bromperidol","explanation":"Think of it like a key fitting into a lock. Azurene is the key that binds to the Sigma receptor, which helps regulate how cells respond to certain signals. This can affect various bodily functions, such as pain perception and mood regulation.","oneSentence":"Azurene works by binding to the Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1, which is involved in various cellular processes.","technicalDetail":"Azurene exerts its effects by selectively binding to the sigma-1 receptor, a subtype of the sigma receptor family, which is involved in intracellular signaling pathways and has been implicated in the regulation of various physiological processes."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromperidol","title":"Bromperidol","extract":"Bromperidol, sold under the brand names Bromidol and Impromen among others, is a typical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone group which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1966. An ester prodrug, bromperidol decanoate, is a long-acting form of bromperidol used as a depot injectable."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/407","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=BROMPERIDOL","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=BROMPERIDOL","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromperidol","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T09:04:02.766721","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"haloperidol","drugSlug":"haloperidol","fdaApproval":"1967-04-12","genericCount":20,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"droperidol","drugSlug":"droperidol","fdaApproval":"1970-06-11","genericCount":10,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"lumateperone","drugSlug":"lumateperone","fdaApproval":"2019-12-20","patentExpiry":"Oct 27, 2039","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://drugcentral.org","name":"DrugCentral","fields":["indications","contraindications","safety","target","drugInteractions"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"bromperidol","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"haloperidol","brandName":"haloperidol","genericName":"haloperidol","approvalYear":"1967","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"droperidol","brandName":"droperidol","genericName":"droperidol","approvalYear":"1970","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"lumateperone","brandName":"lumateperone","genericName":"lumateperone","approvalYear":"2019","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT02435095","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Antipsychotic Induced Structural and Functional Brain Changes","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"RWTH Aachen University","startDate":"2015-05","conditions":["Schizophrenia"],"enrollment":174,"completionDate":"2020-08"},{"nctId":"NCT02307396","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Evaluation of the Necessity of Long-term Pharmacological Treatment With Antipsychotics in Schizophrenic Patients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Technical University of Munich","startDate":"2015-02-01","conditions":["Schizophrenia","Schizophrenia and Disorders With Psychotic Features","Schizoaffective Disorders"],"enrollment":21,"completionDate":"2016-06-22"},{"nctId":"NCT02374567","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Hannover Medical School","startDate":"2015-01","conditions":["Dementia","Depression","Schizophrenia","Psychosomatic Disorders","Anxiety Disorders"],"enrollment":407,"completionDate":"2017-06-28"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"administration":{},"crossReferences":{"NDDF":"006754","UNII":"LYH6F7I22E","CHEBI":"CHEBI:31305","INN_ID":"3737","RXNORM":"19777","UMLSCUI":"C1369894","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL28218","KEGG_DRUG":"D01101","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB12401","PUBCHEM_CID":"2448","SNOMEDCT_US":"725571009","MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI":"C006820"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"pharmacokinetics":{"source":"DrugCentral","bioavailability":"50%"},"publicationCount":147,"therapeuticAreas":["Pain"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"N05AD06","allCodes":["N05AD06"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2023 Nov","pmid":"38034668","title":"Evaluation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by antipsychotic drugs using spontaneous reporting system.","journal":"Heliyon"},{"date":"2023","pmid":"37441162","title":"Hybrid neural network approaches to predict drug-target binding affinity for drug repurposing: screening for potential leads for Alzheimer's disease.","journal":"Frontiers in molecular biosciences"},{"date":"2022 Apr 21","pmid":"35563011","title":"The Influence of Selected Antipsychotic Drugs on Biochemical Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease.","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"date":"2021","pmid":"34334499","title":"Inhibitory Effects of Antipsychotics on the Contractile Response to Acetylcholine in Rat Urinary Bladder Smooth Muscles.","journal":"Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin"},{"date":"2021 May 1","pmid":"33596679","title":"Maintenance Treatment With Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics for People With Nonaffective Psychoses: A Network Meta-Analysis.","journal":"The American journal of psychiatry"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"discontinued","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":false,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}