{"id":"biguanides-bg","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":"10-30","effect":"Gastrointestinal disturbance (nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort)"},{"rate":"3-10","effect":"Metallic taste"},{"rate":"<0.1","effect":"Lactic acidosis (rare)"},{"rate":"10-30","effect":"Vitamin B12 deficiency"}]},"_chembl":{"chemblId":"CHEMBL3646922","moleculeType":"Small molecule","molecularWeight":"494.69"},"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Biguanides are a class of oral antidiabetic agents that primarily work by decreasing gluconeogenesis in the liver, thereby lowering fasting blood glucose levels. They also enhance peripheral glucose uptake and utilization by muscle and adipose tissue, improving overall insulin sensitivity without stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion. The mechanism involves activation of AMPK, a key metabolic regulator, and inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain.","oneSentence":"Biguanides reduce hepatic glucose production and improve insulin sensitivity by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibiting mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T01:42:20.787Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT04416269","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Oral Anti Diabetic Agents in the Hospital","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Emory University","startDate":"2020-08-07","conditions":"Diabetes Mellitus","enrollment":255},{"nctId":"NCT01966978","phase":"PHASE4","title":"The Effect of Simple Basal Insulin Titration, Metformin Plus Liraglutide for Type 2 Diabetes With Very Elevated HbA1c - The SIMPLE Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","startDate":"2014-11","conditions":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetes","enrollment":157},{"nctId":"NCT01099618","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Ketosis-Prone Diabetes Mellitus (KPDM): Metformin Versus Sitagliptin Treatment","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Dawn Smiley MD","startDate":"2010-03","conditions":"Ketosis Prone Diabetes, Diabetes Ketoacidosis, Hyperglycemia","enrollment":48},{"nctId":"NCT01468181","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Study of LY2189265 in Japanese Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Eli Lilly and Company","startDate":"2011-11","conditions":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","enrollment":394},{"nctId":"NCT01584232","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Study of Dulaglutide in Japanese Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Eli Lilly and Company","startDate":"2012-04","conditions":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","enrollment":361},{"nctId":"NCT00783744","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Insulin Glargine Combination Therapies in Type II Diabetics","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Sanofi","startDate":"2001-12","conditions":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","enrollment":375}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":0,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"phase_3","status":"active","brandName":"Biguanides (BG)","genericName":"Biguanides (BG)","companyName":"Eli Lilly and Company","companyId":"eli-lilly","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Biguanides reduce hepatic glucose production and improve insulin sensitivity by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibiting mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Used for Type 2 diabetes mellitus.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}