{"id":"biguanide-bg","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":"10-30","effect":"Gastrointestinal disturbance (nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort)"},{"rate":"<0.1","effect":"Lactic acidosis (rare, serious)"},{"rate":"10-30","effect":"Vitamin B12 deficiency"},{"rate":"5-10","effect":"Metallic taste"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Biguanides are a class of antidiabetic agents that work primarily by decreasing gluconeogenesis in the liver and improving peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. They activate AMPK, a key metabolic regulator, and inhibit mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, leading to reduced ATP production and suppression of hepatic glucose output. This mechanism makes them effective for lowering blood glucose without stimulating insulin secretion.","oneSentence":"Biguanides reduce hepatic glucose production and improve insulin sensitivity by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibiting mitochondrial complex I.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T01:04:25.478Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT01584232","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Study of Dulaglutide in Japanese Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Eli Lilly and Company","startDate":"2012-04","conditions":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","enrollment":361}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":62,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"phase_3","status":"active","brandName":"Biguanide (BG)","genericName":"Biguanide (BG)","companyName":"Eli Lilly and Company","companyId":"eli-lilly","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Biguanides reduce hepatic glucose production and improve insulin sensitivity by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibiting mitochondrial complex I. Used for Type 2 diabetes mellitus.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}