{"id":"benzylpenicillin","rwe":[{"pmid":"41899029","year":"2026","title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Outcomes of Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis over a Decade: Implications for Empirical Therapy in a Tertiary NICU.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41897739","year":"2026","title":"Genomic Features and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Listeria innocua Isolated from Raw Drinking Milk in Poland.","finding":"","journal":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41874048","year":"2026","title":"Analysis of Pharmacist Interventions to Reduce Medication-Related Problems in a Neonatal Clinical Care Unit.","finding":"","journal":"Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41861996","year":"2026","title":"Evaluation of phenotypic assays for the detection of penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus in clinical laboratories.","finding":"","journal":"Indian journal of medical microbiology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41831653","year":"2026","title":"Pneumococcal serotype epidemiology and resistance after PCV13 replacement with PCV10, Sweden.","finding":"","journal":"The Journal of infection","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"Penicillin-class Antibacterial","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"J01CE01","category":"atc"},{"label":"Intramuscular","category":"route"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Powder","category":"form"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Abdominal actinomycosis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Abscess of lung","category":"indication"},{"label":"Actinomycotic infection","category":"indication"},{"label":"Acute otitis media","category":"indication"},{"label":"Anthrax","category":"indication"},{"label":"Anthrax septicemia","category":"indication"},{"label":"Pfizer","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1940s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Infective Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":2303.331,"date":"","count":1324,"signal":"Drug hypersensitivity","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 1,324 times (LLR=2303)"},{"llr":196.998,"date":"","count":173,"signal":"Anaphylactic reaction","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 173 times (LLR=197)"},{"llr":182.096,"date":"","count":245,"signal":"Urticaria","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 245 times (LLR=182)"},{"llr":180.285,"date":"","count":61,"signal":"Oesophageal pain","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 61 times (LLR=180)"},{"llr":167.439,"date":"","count":55,"signal":"Oesophageal spasm","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 55 times (LLR=167)"},{"llr":143.255,"date":"","count":44,"signal":"Loss of employment","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 44 times (LLR=143)"},{"llr":141.968,"date":"","count":71,"signal":"Lymphoedema","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 71 times (LLR=142)"},{"llr":112.684,"date":"","count":422,"signal":"Rash","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 422 times (LLR=113)"},{"llr":107.858,"date":"","count":24,"signal":"Spinal muscular atrophy","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 24 times (LLR=108)"},{"llr":95.803,"date":"","count":30,"signal":"Pneumococcal sepsis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 30 times (LLR=96)"},{"llr":80.877,"date":"","count":119,"signal":"Migraine","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 119 times (LLR=81)"},{"llr":78.894,"date":"","count":15,"signal":"Cellulitis enterococcal","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 15 times (LLR=79)"},{"llr":71.955,"date":"","count":72,"signal":"Sleep apnoea syndrome","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 72 times (LLR=72)"},{"llr":70.474,"date":"","count":16,"signal":"Stoma closure","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 16 times (LLR=70)"},{"llr":69.973,"date":"","count":19,"signal":"Motor neurone disease","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 19 times (LLR=70)"}],"commonSideEffects":[],"contraindications":["Infectious mononucleosis","Kidney disease","Pseudomembranous enterocolitis"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"There are, however, no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women showing conclusively that harmful effects of these drugs on the fetus can be excluded. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. ","Geriatric use":"Clinical studies of penicillin potassium did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant diseases or other drug therapy in this population.","Paediatric use":"lncompletely developed renal function in newborns may delay elimination of penicillin; therefore, appropriate reductions in the dosage and frequency of administration should be made in these patients. All newborns treated with penicillins should be monitored closely for clinical and laboratory evidence of toxic or adverse effects (see PRECAUTIONS).Pediatric doses are generally determined on weight basis and should be calculated for each patient individually. Recommended guidelines"}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Pfizer","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=Benzylpenicillin","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:23:28.765125+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:23:34.083111+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Benzylpenicillin","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:23:34.282733+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1628385/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL 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septicemia","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Aspiration pneumonia","otherDrugs":[{"name":"azlocillin","slug":"azlocillin","company":"Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corp"},{"name":"clindamycin","slug":"clindamycin","company":"Pharmacia And Upjohn"},{"name":"clindamycin phosphate","slug":"clindamycin-phosphate","company":"Pharmacia And Upjohn"},{"name":"mezlocillin","slug":"mezlocillin","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Asymptomatic Congenital Syphilis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"procaine benzylpenicillin","slug":"procaine-benzylpenicillin","company":"King Pharms"}],"globalPrevalence":48000000}],"mechanism":{"novelty":"First-in-class","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Penicillin-class Antibacterial","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Benzylpenicillin exerts its antibacterial effect by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, inhibiting the transpeptidation reaction necessary for cell wall synthesis and ultimately leading to cell lysis and death."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1947","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1947-02-06, PFIZER)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/2082","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=Benzylpenicillin","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Benzylpenicillin","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T08:56:16.743345","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T00:23:36.919787+00:00","fieldsConflicting":2,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"phenoxymethylpenicillin","drugSlug":"phenoxymethylpenicillin","fdaApproval":"1958-01-13","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"benzathine 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