{"id":"benzatropine","rwe":[],"tags":[{"label":"Anticholinergic","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1","category":"target"},{"label":"CHRM1","category":"gene"},{"label":"HRH1","category":"gene"},{"label":"CHRM3","category":"gene"},{"label":"N04AC01","category":"atc"},{"label":"Parenteral","category":"route"},{"label":"Intramuscular","category":"route"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Tablet","category":"form"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism","category":"indication"},{"label":"Extrapyramidal disease","category":"indication"},{"label":"Parkinson's disease","category":"indication"},{"label":"Parkinsonism","category":"indication"},{"label":"Postencephalitic parkinsonism","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1950s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Anti-Dyskinesia Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antiparkinson Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cholinergic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cholinergic Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Dopamine Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Membrane Transport Modulators","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Muscarinic Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Parasympatholytics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":679.482,"date":"","count":480,"signal":"Completed suicide","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 480 times (LLR=679)"},{"llr":367.743,"date":"","count":456,"signal":"Toxicity to various agents","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 456 times (LLR=368)"},{"llr":366.284,"date":"","count":124,"signal":"Granulocytopenia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 124 times (LLR=366)"},{"llr":357.011,"date":"","count":128,"signal":"Tardive dyskinesia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 128 times (LLR=357)"},{"llr":284.84,"date":"","count":115,"signal":"Schizophrenia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 115 times (LLR=285)"},{"llr":277.106,"date":"","count":122,"signal":"Myocarditis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 122 times (LLR=277)"},{"llr":264.073,"date":"","count":149,"signal":"Psychotic disorder","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 149 times (LLR=264)"},{"llr":247.213,"date":"","count":120,"signal":"Neuroleptic malignant syndrome","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 120 times (LLR=247)"},{"llr":207.432,"date":"","count":100,"signal":"Hallucination, auditory","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 100 times (LLR=207)"},{"llr":195.92,"date":"","count":99,"signal":"Extrapyramidal disorder","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 99 times (LLR=196)"},{"llr":165.364,"date":"","count":207,"signal":"Tremor","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 207 times (LLR=165)"},{"llr":156.648,"date":"","count":152,"signal":"Agitation","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 152 times (LLR=157)"},{"llr":151.226,"date":"","count":303,"signal":"Drug interaction","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 303 times (LLR=151)"},{"llr":147.959,"date":"","count":80,"signal":"Dystonia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 80 times (LLR=148)"},{"llr":142.18,"date":"","count":70,"signal":"Akathisia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 70 times (LLR=142)"}],"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/ioflupane-i-123","drug":"Ioflupane I-123","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Benztropine, Ioflupane I-123","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"ioflupane-i-123"}],"commonSideEffects":[],"contraindications":["Achalasia of esophagus","Angle-closure glaucoma","Atony of colon","Benign prostatic hyperplasia","Bleeding","Chronic heart failure","Chronic obstructive lung disease","Conduction disorder of the heart","Disease of liver","Disorder of autonomic nervous system","Disorder of coronary artery","Dysentery","Dysuria","Fever","Gastric ulcer","Gastroesophageal reflux disease","Gastrointestinal obstruction","Hiatal hernia","Hypertensive disorder","Kidney disease","Low blood pressure","Myasthenia gravis","Open-angle glaucoma","Paralytic ileus","Pseudomembranous enterocolitis"],"specialPopulations":{"Geriatric use":"Clinical studies of benztropine mesylate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should start at the low end of the dosing range (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) and the dose should be increased only as needed with monitor","Paediatric use":"Because of the atropine-like side effects, benztropine mesylate injection, USP should be used with caution in pediatric patients over three years of age (see CONTRAINDICATIONS)."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_fixedAt":"2026-03-30T16:34:17.814733","_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=benzatropine","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:00:59.841475+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:01:04.866230+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=benzatropine","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:01:05.802186+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL438151/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:01:06.518156+00:00"}},"allNames":"cogentin","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["cogentin","benztropine mesilate","benzatropine","benztropine","tropine benzohydryl ether","benztropine mesylate"],"timeline":[{"date":"1954-03-05","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Benztropine is a small molecule medication used to treat movement disorders such as parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein or muscle and works as a centrally acting anticholinergic and antihistamine.","brandName":"Cogentin","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism","otherDrugs":[{"name":"amantadine","slug":"amantadine","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"biperiden","slug":"biperiden","company":"Abbvie"},{"name":"procyclidine","slug":"procyclidine","company":""},{"name":"trihexyphenidyl","slug":"trihexyphenidyl","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Extrapyramidal disease","otherDrugs":[{"name":"amantadine","slug":"amantadine","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"biperiden","slug":"biperiden","company":"Abbvie"},{"name":"procyclidine","slug":"procyclidine","company":""},{"name":"trihexyphenidyl","slug":"trihexyphenidyl","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Parkinson's disease","otherDrugs":[{"name":"amantadine","slug":"amantadine","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"apomorphine","slug":"apomorphine","company":"Us Worldmeds"},{"name":"biperiden","slug":"biperiden","company":"Abbvie"},{"name":"bromocriptine","slug":"bromocriptine","company":"Us Pharms Holdings I"}],"globalPrevalence":8500000},{"indication":"Parkinsonism","otherDrugs":[{"name":"amantadine","slug":"amantadine","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"biperiden","slug":"biperiden","company":"Abbvie"},{"name":"carbidopa","slug":"carbidopa","company":"Merck Sharp Dohme"},{"name":"levodopa","slug":"levodopa","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Postencephalitic parkinsonism","otherDrugs":[{"name":"amantadine","slug":"amantadine","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"biperiden","slug":"biperiden","company":"Abbvie"},{"name":"bromocriptine","slug":"bromocriptine","company":"Us Pharms Holdings I"},{"name":"carbidopa","slug":"carbidopa","company":"Merck Sharp Dohme"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1","novelty":"First-in-class","targets":[{"gene":"CHRM1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1"},{"gene":"HRH1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Histamine H1 receptor","protein":"Histamine H1 receptor"},{"gene":"CHRM3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3"},{"gene":"CHRM4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4"},{"gene":"CHRM2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2"},{"gene":"CHRM5","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5"},{"gene":"HTR2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A"},{"gene":"ADRA1D","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"ADRA2B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"HTR2C","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C"}],"moaClass":"Cholinergic Antagonists","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Anticholinergic","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Cogentin is a competitive antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, which is involved in the regulation of muscle contraction and other functions. By blocking this receptor, Cogentin reduces the effects of acetylcholine and helps to alleviate symptoms of Parkinson's disease."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1954","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1954-03-05, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/333","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=benzatropine","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=benzatropine","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T08:52:20.133714","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T04:01:08.078550+00:00","fieldsConflicting":2,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"amiodarone","drugSlug":"amiodarone","fdaApproval":"1985-12-24","patentExpiry":"Mar 13, 2029","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"amisulpride","drugSlug":"amisulpride","fdaApproval":"2020-02-26","patentExpiry":"Mar 10, 2031","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"amitriptyline","drugSlug":"amitriptyline","fdaApproval":"1961-04-07","genericCount":33,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"amoxapine","drugSlug":"amoxapine","fdaApproval":"1980-09-22","genericCount":3,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"amoxicillin","drugSlug":"amoxicillin","fdaApproval":"1974-12-09","patentExpiry":"May 7, 2027","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"apomorphine","drugSlug":"apomorphine","fdaApproval":"2004-04-20","patentExpiry":"Jun 11, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"aripiprazole","drugSlug":"aripiprazole","fdaApproval":"2002-11-15","patentExpiry":"Sep 24, 2033","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"aripiprazole lauroxil","drugSlug":"aripiprazole-lauroxil","fdaApproval":"2015-10-05","patentExpiry":"Sep 8, 2035","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"asenapine","drugSlug":"asenapine","fdaApproval":"2009-08-13","patentExpiry":"Sep 22, 2033","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"astemizole","drugSlug":"astemizole","fdaApproval":"1988-12-31","relationship":"same-target"}],"genericName":"benzatropine","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"all forms of parkinsonism"},{"name":"Extrapyramidal disease","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":76349003,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"all forms of parkinsonism"},{"name":"Parkinson's disease","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":49049000,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"all forms of parkinsonism","usPrevalence":1000000,"globalPrevalence":8500000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"WHO, 2023"},{"name":"Parkinsonism","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":32798002,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"all forms of parkinsonism"},{"name":"Postencephalitic parkinsonism","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":19972008,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"all forms of parkinsonism"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"_fixedFields":["pubmed(12)"],"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"amiodarone","brandName":"amiodarone","genericName":"amiodarone","approvalYear":"1985","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"amisulpride","brandName":"amisulpride","genericName":"amisulpride","approvalYear":"2020","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"amitriptyline","brandName":"amitriptyline","genericName":"amitriptyline","approvalYear":"1961","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"amoxapine","brandName":"amoxapine","genericName":"amoxapine","approvalYear":"1980","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"amoxicillin","brandName":"amoxicillin","genericName":"amoxicillin","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"apomorphine","brandName":"apomorphine","genericName":"apomorphine","approvalYear":"2004","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"aripiprazole","brandName":"aripiprazole","genericName":"aripiprazole","approvalYear":"2002","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"aripiprazole-lauroxil","brandName":"aripiprazole lauroxil","genericName":"aripiprazole lauroxil","approvalYear":"2015","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"asenapine","brandName":"asenapine","genericName":"asenapine","approvalYear":"2009","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"astemizole","brandName":"astemizole","genericName":"astemizole","approvalYear":"1988","relationship":"same-target"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT06562608","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Anticholinergic Deprescription in Schizophrenia","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Deepak K. 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