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The mechanism involves toll-like receptor signaling and activation of dendritic cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes.","oneSentence":"BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) activates the innate and adaptive immune system to enhance anti-tumor and anti-pathogen immune responses.","_ai_confidence":"medium"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T01:43:13.222Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (intravesical immunotherapy)"},{"name":"Therapeutic vaccine for infectious diseases (investigational)"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT03258593","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Durvalumab and Vicineum in Subjects With High-Grade Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Previously Treated With Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Cancer Institute (NCI)","startDate":"2018-06-07","conditions":"Urinary Bladder Neoplasms","enrollment":15},{"nctId":"NCT06747455","phase":"PHASE3","title":"BCG for Therapeutic Use Phase Ⅲ Clinical Trial","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd.","startDate":"2025-04-08","conditions":"BCG","enrollment":438},{"nctId":"NCT03711032","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Combination With Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (HR NMIBC) (MK-3475-676/KEYNOTE-676)","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC","startDate":"2018-12-24","conditions":"High-risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer","enrollment":1397},{"nctId":"NCT05327647","phase":"PHASE2","title":"A Phase II Trial of Bicalutamide in Patients Receiving Intravesical BCG for Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"CHU de Quebec-Universite Laval","startDate":"2022-06-23","conditions":"Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer","enrollment":160},{"nctId":"NCT04386746","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel for BCG naïve Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins","startDate":"2020-07-29","conditions":"Urothelial Carcinoma Bladder, Bladder Cancer","enrollment":27},{"nctId":"NCT07182838","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Proof-of-Concept Clinical Pharmacology Trial for HIV Antigen Presentation Therapeutic Biologic Mix","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Han Xu, M.D., Ph.D., FAPCR, Sponsor-Investigator, IRB Chair","startDate":"2025-09-12","conditions":"HIV Infections","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT02015104","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Study of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Combined With PANVAC Versus BCG Alone in Adults With High Grade Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Who Failed At Least 1 Course of BCG","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Cancer Institute (NCI)","startDate":"2013-12-18","conditions":"Bladder Cancer","enrollment":32},{"nctId":"NCT02403505","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Early Phase Clinical Trial About Therapeutic Biological Product Mix for Treating CEA Positive Rectal Cancer","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Han Xu, M.D., Ph.D., FAPCR, Sponsor-Investigator, IRB Chair","startDate":"2021-12-28","conditions":"Rectal Cancer","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT03305341","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Proof-of-Concept Clinical Pharmacology Trial for COVID-19 Antigen Presentation Therapeutic Biologic Mix","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Han Xu, M.D., Ph.D., FAPCR, Sponsor-Investigator, IRB Chair","startDate":"2025-05-18","conditions":"Covid19","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT06100653","phase":"PHASE1","title":"BCG for Therapeutic Use Phase I Clinical Trial","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd.","startDate":"2023-11-22","conditions":"Non-muscular Invasive Bladder Cancer","enrollment":10},{"nctId":"NCT06959563","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Early Phase Clinical Trial About Therapeutic Biological Product Mix for Treating HPV","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Han Xu, M.D., Ph.D., FAPCR, Sponsor-Investigator, IRB Chair","startDate":"2025-04-28","conditions":"HPV Infection","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT02202772","phase":"PHASE1, PHASE2","title":"Intravesical Cabazitaxel, Gemcitabine, and Cisplatin (CGC) in the Treatment Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Guarionex J. 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