{"id":"baclofen","rwe":[{"pmid":"41900991","year":"2026","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Baclofen 40 mg/20 mL in an Intrathecal Infusion System.","finding":"","journal":"Life (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41898644","year":"2026","title":"Baclofen Promotes Osteochondrogenic Commitment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Implications for Heterotopic Ossification Risk.","finding":"","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41888295","year":"2026","title":"Impact of regulatory changes on the use of baclofen in alcohol use disorders between 2014 and 2021, using the French National Health Data System.","finding":"","journal":"Scientific reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41884965","year":"2026","title":"Local therapeutic strategies for neurocutaneous dysesthesia: from capsaicin to cannabinoids.","finding":"","journal":"The Journal of dermatological treatment","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41878754","year":"2026","title":"[Pharmacological post-acute treatment of alcohol use disorder: Established strategies and innovative approaches].","finding":"","journal":"Therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"48e6b461-efdb-a69a-e063-6294a90aa1f9","set_id":"00c6c924-ddfd-4a75-afd7-f6561ff9abbc","openfda":{"nui":["N0000000196","N0000000116","N0000175759"],"unii":["H789N3FKE8"],"route":["ORAL"],"rxcui":["197392"],"spl_id":["48e6b461-efdb-a69a-e063-6294a90aa1f9"],"brand_name":["BACLOFEN"],"spl_set_id":["00c6c924-ddfd-4a75-afd7-f6561ff9abbc"],"package_ndc":["70518-4530-0","70518-4530-1"],"product_ndc":["70518-4530"],"generic_name":["BACLOFEN"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["BACLOFEN"],"pharm_class_epc":["gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-ergic Agonist [EPC]"],"pharm_class_moa":["GABA A Agonists [MoA]","GABA B Agonists [MoA]"],"manufacturer_name":["REMEDYREPACK INC."],"application_number":["ANDA209102"],"original_packager_product_ndc":["72888-011"]},"version":"2","warnings":["WARNINGS a. Neonatal Withdrawal Symptoms: Withdrawal symptoms have been reported starting hours to days after delivery in neonates whose mothers were treated with oral baclofen throughout pregnancy. The symptoms of withdrawal in these infants have included increased muscle tone, tremor, jitteriness, and seizure. If the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus and oral baclofen is continued during pregnancy, gradua ly reduce the dose and discontinue baclofen before delivery. If slow withdrawal is not feasible, advise the parents or caregivers of the potential for neonatal withdrawal. b. Abrupt Drug Withdrawal: Hallucinations and seizures have occurred on abrupt withdrawal of baclofen. Therefore, except for serious adverse reactions, the dose should be reduced slowly when the drug is discontinued. c. Impaired Renal Function: Because baclofen is primarily excreted unchanged through the kidneys, it should be given with caution, and it may be necessary to reduce the dosage. d. Stroke: Baclofen has not significantly benefited patients with stroke. These patients have also shown poor tolerability to the drug. e. Pregnancy: Baclofen has been shown to increase the incidence of omphaloceles (ventral hernias) in fetuses of rats given approximately 13 times the maximum dose recommended for human use, at a dose which caused significant reductions in food intake and weight gain in dams. This abnormality was not seen in mice or rabbits. There was also an increased incidence of incomplete sternebral ossification in fetuses of rats given approximately 13 times the maximum recommended human dose, and an increased incidence of unossified phalangeal nuclei of forelimbs and hindlimbs in fetuses of rabbits given approximately 7 times the maximum recommended human dose. In mice, no teratogenic effects were observed, although reductions in mean fetal weight with consequent delays in skeletal ossification were present when dams were given 17 and 34 times the human daily dose. There are no studies in pregnant women. Baclofen should be used during pregnancy only if the benefit clearly justifies the potential risk to the fetus."],"overdosage":["OVERDOSAGE Signs and Symptoms: Vomiting, muscular hypotonia, drowsiness, accommodation disorders, coma, respiratory depression and seizures. Treatment: In the alert patient, empty the stomach promptly by induced emesis followed by lavage. In the obtunded patient, secure the airway with a cuffed endotracheal tube before beginning lavage (do not induce emesis). Maintain adequate respiratory exchange, do not use respiratory stimulants."],"description":["DESCRIPTION Baclofen, USP is a muscle relaxant and antispastic. Its chemical name is 4-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-butanoic acid. The structural formula is: C 10 H 12 ClNO 2 M.W. 213.66 Baclofen, USP is a white to off-white odorless or practically odorless crystalline powder. It is slightly soluble in water, very slightly soluble in methanol and insoluble in chloroform. Each tablet, for oral administration, contains 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg or 20 mg baclofen, USP. In addition, each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Pregelatinized Starch, Sodium Starch Glycolate, Colloidal Silicon dioxide and Magnesium Stearate. Chemical Structure"],"precautions":["PRECAUTIONS Because of the possibility of sedation, patients should be cautioned regarding the operation of automobiles or other dangerous machinery, and activities made hazardous by decreased alertness. Patients should also be cautioned that the central nervous system effects of baclofen may be additive to those of alcohol and other CNS depressants. Baclofen should be used with caution where spasticity is utilized to sustain upright posture and balance in locomotion or whenever spasticity is utilized to obtain increased function. In patients with epilepsy, the clinical state and electroencephalogram should be monitored at regular intervals, since deterioration in seizure control and EEG have been reported occasionally in patients taking baclofen. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. As a general rule, nursing should not be undertaken while a patient is on a drug since many drugs are excreted in human milk. A dose-related increase in incidence of ovarian cysts and a less marked increase in enlarged and/or hemorrhagic adrenal glands was observed in female rats treated chronically with baclofen. Ovarian cysts have been found by palpation in about 4% of the multiple sclerosis patients that were treated with baclofen for up to one year. In most cases these cysts disappeared spontaneously while patients continued to receive the drug. Ovarian cysts are estimated to occur spontaneously in approximately 1% to 5% of the normal female population. Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established."],"how_supplied":["HOW SUPPLIED Baclofen Tablets, USP 20 mg are available as a White to off white, round flat-faced, beveled edge tablets debossed with \"025\" on one side and score on other side, containing 20 mg baclofen USP packaged in NDC: 70518-4530-00 NDC: 70518-4530-01 PACKAGING: 30 in 1 BOTTLE PLASTIC PACKAGING: 90 in 1 BOTTLE PLASTIC PHARMACIST: Dispense in a well closed container as defined in the USP, with a child-resistant closure (as required). Store at 20° to 25°C (68°to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. KEEP THIS AND ALL MEDICATIONS OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. Repackaged and Distributed By: Remedy Repack, Inc. 625 Kolter Dr. Suite #4 Indiana, PA 1-724-465-8762"],"effective_time":"20260121","adverse_reactions":["ADVERSE REACTIONS The most common is transient drowsiness (10 to 63%). In one controlled study of 175 patients, transient drowsiness was observed in 63% of those receiving baclofen compared to 36% of those in the placebo group. Other common adverse reactions are dizziness (5 to 15%), weakness (5 to 15%) and fatigue (2 to 4%). Others reported: Neuropsychiatric: Confusion (1 to 11%), headache (4 to 8%), insomnia (2 to 7%); and, rarely, euphoria, excitement, depression, hallucinations, paresthesia, muscle pain, tinnitus, slurred speech, coordination disorder, tremor, rigidity, dystonia, ataxia, blurred vision, nystagmus, strabismus, miosis, mydriasis, diplopia, dysarthria, epileptic seizure. Cardiovascular: Hypotension (0 to 9%). Rare instances of dyspnea, palpitation, chest pain, syncope. Gastrointestinal: Nausea (4 to 12%), constipation (2 to 6%); and rarely, dry mouth, anorexia, taste disorder, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and positive test for occult blood in stool. Genitourinary: Urinary frequency (2 to 6%); and rarely, enuresis, urinary retention, dysuria, impotence, inability to ejaculate, nocturia, hematuria. Other: Instances of rash, pruritus, ankle edema, excessive perspiration, weight gain, nasal congestion. Some of the CNS and genitourinary symptoms may be related to the underlying disease rather than to drug therapy. The following laboratory tests have been found to be abnormal in a few patients receiving baclofen: increased SGOT, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and elevation of blood sugar."],"contraindications":["CONTRAINDICATIONS Hypersensitivity to baclofen."],"clinical_pharmacology":["CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY The precise mechanism of action of baclofen is not fully known. Baclofen is capable of inhibiting both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes at the spinal level, possibly by hyperpolarization of afferent terminals, although actions at supraspinal sites may also occur and contribute to its clinical effect. Although baclofen is an analog of the putative inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), there is no conclusive evidence that actions on GABA systems are involved in the production of its clinical effects. In studies with animals baclofen has been shown to have general CNS depressant properties as indicated by the production of sedation with tolerance, somnolence, ataxia, and respiratory and cardiovascular depression. Baclofen is rapidly and extensively absorbed and eliminated. Absorption may be dose-dependent, being reduced with increasing doses. Baclofen is excreted primarily by the kidney in unchanged form and there is relatively large intersubject variation in absorption and/or elimination."],"indications_and_usage":["INDICATIONS AND USAGE Baclofen tablets, USP are useful for the alleviation of signs and symptoms of spasticity resulting from multiple sclerosis, particularly for the relief of flexor spasms and concomitant pain, clonus, and muscular rigidity. Patients should have reversible spasticity so that baclofen treatment will aid in restoring residual function. Baclofen tablets, USP may also be of some value in patients with spinal cord injuries and other spinal cord diseases. Baclofen tablets, USP are not indicated in the treatment of skeletal muscle spasm resulting from rheumatic disorders. The efficacy of baclofen in stroke, cerebral palsy, and Parkinson's disease has not been established and, therefore, it is not recommended for these conditions."],"dosage_and_administration":["DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION The determination of optimal dosage requires individual titration. Start therapy at a low dosage and increase gradually until optimum effect is achieved (usually between 40-80 mg daily). The following dosage titration schedule is suggested: 5 mg t.i.d. for 3 days 10 mg t.i.d. for 3 days 15 mg t.i.d. for 3 days 20 mg t.i.d. for 3 days Thereafter additional increases may be necessary but the total daily dose should not exceed a maximum of 80 mg daily (20 mg q.i.d.). The lowest dose compatible with an optimal response is recommended. If benefits are not evident after a reasonable trial period, patients should be slowly withdrawn from the drug (See WARNINGS , Abrupt Drug Withdrawal )."],"spl_product_data_elements":["BACLOFEN BACLOFEN SILICON DIOXIDE MAGNESIUM STEARATE CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH, CORN SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE TYPE A POTATO BACLOFEN BACLOFEN White to off white 025"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["DRUG: BACLOFEN GENERIC: BACLOFEN DOSAGE: TABLET ADMINSTRATION: ORAL NDC: 70518-4530-0 NDC: 70518-4530-1 COLOR: white SHAPE: ROUND SCORE: Two even pieces SIZE: 9 mm IMPRINT: 025 PACKAGING: 30 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC PACKAGING: 90 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC ACTIVE INGREDIENT(S): BACLOFEN 20mg in 1 INACTIVE INGREDIENT(S): SILICON DIOXIDE MAGNESIUM STEARATE CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH, CORN SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE TYPE A POTATO MM1 MM2"]},"tags":[{"label":"gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-ergic Agonist","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"GABA-B receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"GABBR1","category":"gene"},{"label":"GABBR2","category":"gene"},{"label":"ADORA3","category":"gene"},{"label":"M03BX01","category":"atc"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Intrathecal","category":"route"},{"label":"Granule","category":"form"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Solution","category":"form"},{"label":"Suspension","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Established","category":"status"},{"label":"Muscle Spasticity of Cerebral Origin","category":"indication"},{"label":"Muscle spasticity of spinal origin","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1970s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"GABA Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"GABA Agonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"GABA-B Receptor Agonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Muscle Relaxants, Central","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neuromuscular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"FATIGUE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"6169 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"PAIN","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"5756 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INEFFECTIVE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"5708 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"FALL","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"5485 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"NAUSEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"4640 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"HEADACHE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"4422 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"GAIT DISTURBANCE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"4136 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"OFF LABEL USE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"3697 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DIZZINESS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"3572 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"URINARY TRACT INFECTION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"3542 reports"}],"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/sodium-oxybate","drug":"sodium oxybate","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Sodium Oxybate","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"sodium-oxybate"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Transient drowsiness","drugRate":"63%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Dizziness","drugRate":"15%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Weakness","drugRate":"15%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Fatigue","drugRate":"4%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"12%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Confusion","drugRate":"11%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"8%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Insomnia","drugRate":"7%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Urinary frequency","drugRate":"6%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Constipation","drugRate":"6%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Hypotension","drugRate":"9%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Dyspnea","drugRate":"reported","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Palpitation","drugRate":"reported","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Chest pain","drugRate":"reported","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Syncope","drugRate":"reported","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Dry mouth","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Anorexia","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Taste disorder","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Abdominal pain","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Diarrhea","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Enuresis","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Urinary retention","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Dysuria","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Impotence","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Inability to ejaculate","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Nocturia","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Hematuria","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Rash","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Pruritus","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Ankle edema","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Excessive perspiration","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Weight gain","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Nasal congestion","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"}],"contraindications":["Autonomic dysreflexia","Central nervous system depression","Cerebrovascular accident","Disorder of autonomic nervous system","Epilepsy","Functional disorder of bladder neck and sphincter mechanism","Impaired cognition","Kidney disease","Psychotic disorder","Schizophrenia"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Baclofen should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.","Geriatric use":"In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established.","Renal impairment":"This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function.","Hepatic impairment":"Dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[{"type":"Formulation","number":"11850225","applicant":"STRIDES PHARMA INTERNATIONAL AG","territory":"US","tradeName":"LYVISPAH","expiryDate":"2041-09-29"},{"type":"Formulation","number":"10792262","applicant":"STRIDES PHARMA INTERNATIONAL AG","territory":"US","tradeName":"LYVISPAH","expiryDate":"2039-07-29"},{"type":"Method of Use","number":"11446246","applicant":"AZURITY PHARMACEUTICALS INC","territory":"US","tradeName":"FLEQSUVY","expiryDate":"2037-09-08"},{"type":"Formulation","number":"11491125","applicant":"STRIDES PHARMA INTERNATIONAL AG","territory":"US","tradeName":"LYVISPAH","expiryDate":"2041-09-29"},{"type":"Method of Use","number":"10610502","applicant":"METACEL PHARMACEUTICALS LLC","territory":"US","tradeName":"OZOBAX DS","expiryDate":"2039-08-30"},{"type":"Formulation","number":"11654124","applicant":"STRIDES PHARMA INTERNATIONAL AG","territory":"US","tradeName":"LYVISPAH","expiryDate":"2039-07-29"},{"type":"Formulation","number":"11931328","applicant":"STRIDES PHARMA INTERNATIONAL AG","territory":"US","tradeName":"LYVISPAH","expiryDate":"2039-07-29"},{"type":"Formulation","number":"11324696","applicant":"AZURITY PHARMACEUTICALS INC","territory":"US","tradeName":"FLEQSUVY","expiryDate":"2037-09-29"}],"pricing":[{"market":"United States","source":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","asOfDate":"2024-01-03","unitCost":"$0.0434/EA","priceType":"NADAC","sourceUrl":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","annualCost":"$16","description":"BACLOFEN 10 MG TABLET","retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=BACLOFEN","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:43:01.756983+00:00"},"patents":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Orange Book","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_orange_book","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:43:01.756903+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:43:07.343809+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:43:00.875398+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=BACLOFEN","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:43:07.857525+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:42:59.193760+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:42:59.193783+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:42:59.193789+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:43:09.388797+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: GABA-B receptor agonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:43:08.907416+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL701/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:43:08.568796+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA209102","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:42:59.193792+00:00"}},"allNames":"lioresal","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["baclofen","baclon","lioresal","DL-Baclofen"],"timeline":[{"date":"1977-11-22","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"},{"date":"1992-06-17","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Lioresal approved — 0.5MG/ML"},{"date":"2003-10-30","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Kemstro approved — 10MG **Federal Register determination that product was not discontinued or withdrawn for safety or effectiveness reasons**"},{"date":"2012-06-22","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Gablofen approved — 1MG/ML"},{"date":"2020-04-17","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 18 manufacturers approved"},{"date":"2021-11-22","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Lyvispah approved — 5MG/PACKET"},{"date":"2022-02-04","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Fleqsuvy approved — 25MG/5ML"},{"date":"2023-10-12","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Ozobax Ds approved — 10MG/5ML"}],"aiSummary":"Lioresal (Baclofen) is a small molecule gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-ergic Agonist that targets the GABA-B receptor. Originally developed by, it was FDA approved in 1977 for the treatment of muscle spasticity of cerebral and spinal origin. The drug is now owned by Novartis and is available as a generic medication, with 27 generic manufacturers. Lioresal has a half-life of 5.24 hours and a bioavailability of 90%. It is off-patent, with no active Orange Book patents.","brandName":"Lioresal","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Muscle Spasticity of Cerebral Origin","otherDrugs":[{"name":"dantrolene","slug":"dantrolene","company":"Par Sterile Products"},{"name":"tizanidine","slug":"tizanidine","company":"Acorda"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Muscle spasticity of spinal origin","otherDrugs":[{"name":"dantrolene","slug":"dantrolene","company":"Par Sterile Products"},{"name":"tizanidine","slug":"tizanidine","company":"Acorda"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"GABA-B receptor","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"GABBR1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-B receptor","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1"},{"gene":"GABBR2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-B receptor","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2"},{"gene":"ADORA3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Adenosine receptor A3","protein":"Adenosine receptor A3"}],"moaClass":"GABA A Agonists","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-ergic Agonist [EPC]","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Lioresal acts as a GABA-B receptor agonist, mimicking the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, which reduces the release of excitatory neurotransmitters and decreases muscle tone."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1977","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1977-11-22, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/282","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=BACLOFEN","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=BACLOFEN","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T08:56:43.521966","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-19T23:43:11.466288+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"tizanidine","drugSlug":"tizanidine","fdaApproval":"1996-11-27","patentExpiry":"May 7, 2042","patentStatus":"Patent 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