{"id":"aromatase-inhibitor","rwe":[],"tags":[],"safety":{"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"OSTEONECROSIS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 4 times"},{"date":"","signal":"ASEPTIC NECROSIS BONE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 2 times"},{"date":"","signal":"BREAST CANCER","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 2 times"},{"date":"","signal":"COGNITIVE DISORDER","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 2 times"},{"date":"","signal":"CONDITION AGGRAVATED","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 2 times"},{"date":"","signal":"DISEASE PROGRESSION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 2 times"},{"date":"","signal":"DYSPNOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 2 times"},{"date":"","signal":"ERYTHEMA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 2 times"},{"date":"","signal":"FATIGUE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 2 times"},{"date":"","signal":"FEMUR FRACTURE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 2 times"}],"drugInteractions":[{"drug":"Warfarin","action":"Monitor","effect":"Increased risk of bleeding"},{"drug":"Phenytoin","action":"Monitor","effect":"Increased risk of bleeding"},{"drug":"Rifampicin","action":"Avoid","effect":"Decreased efficacy of aromatase inhibitors"},{"drug":"Phenobarbital","action":"Avoid","effect":"Decreased efficacy of aromatase inhibitors"},{"drug":"Carbamazepine","action":"Avoid","effect":"Decreased efficacy of aromatase inhibitors"},{"drug":"St. John's Wort","action":"Avoid","effect":"Decreased efficacy of aromatase inhibitors"},{"drug":"Tamoxifen","action":"Avoid","effect":"Decreased efficacy of aromatase inhibitors"},{"drug":"Estrogen-containing medications","action":"Avoid","effect":"Decreased efficacy of aromatase inhibitors"},{"drug":"CYP3A4 inducers","action":"Avoid","effect":"Decreased efficacy of aromatase inhibitors"}],"contraindications":["Pregnancy or breastfeeding","History of thromboembolic events","History of stroke or transient ischemic attack","History of liver disease","History of bone fractures","History of osteoporosis","History of hypersensitivity to anastrozole or other aromatase inhibitors","Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors","Concomitant use of strong CYP2C8 inhibitors"]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Pfizer","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=aromatase-inhibitor","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:06.422156+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatase-Inhibitor","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:27.680608+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:25.607366+00:00"},"regulatory.eu":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"European Medicines Agency","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ema_api","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:06.446310+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=aromatase-inhibitor","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:26.394305+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL5715921/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:27.528778+00:00"}},"allNames":"aromatase inhibitor","offLabel":[],"timeline":[{"date":"1982-01-01","type":"positive","_source":"Wikipedia","milestone":"First demonstrating efficacy of Formestane in clinical trials","regulator":"none"},{"date":"1994-01-01","type":"neutral","_source":"Wikipedia","milestone":"First marketed","regulator":"none"}],"aiSummary":"Aromatase inhibitor, Pfizer Inc., blocks the enzyme aromatase to convert androgens into estrogens, primarily used in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer treatment in postmenopausal women. This class of drugs can also be used in premenopausal women with ovarian suppression therapy and in men for conditions like gynecomastia and hormone-sensitive cancers. Aromatase inhibitors are a key treatment option for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, offering a targeted approach to estrogen reduction. The commercial significance of aromatase inhibitors lies in their high revenue, with $21.2B in sales. Pipeline developments in this area focus on improving efficacy and reducing side effects. Clinical differentiation comes from their ability to selectively target the aromatase enzyme, minimizing impact on other bodily processes.","brandName":"Aromatase inhibitor","ecosystem":[],"isGeneric":true,"mechanism":{"target":"Aromatase","novelty":"Best-in-class","modality":"Small molecule","drugClass":"Aromatase inhibitor","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Aromatase inhibitors, such as exemestane and anastrozole, selectively inhibit the aromatase enzyme, which is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily. This inhibition leads to a reduction in estrogen production, which can help alleviate symptoms of hormone-sensitive cancers and conditions like gynecomastia."},"_companyIR":{"url":"https://www.pfizer.com/investors","revenueRefs":[],"pipelineRefs":[]},"_wikipedia":{"title":"Aromatase inhibitor","extract":"Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a class of drugs that block the enzyme aromatase, which is responsible for converting androgens into estrogens. They are primarily used in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women, but can also be used in premenopausal women when combined with ovarian suppression therapy. AIs are also used in men for conditions such as gynecomastia and hormone-sensitive cancers, and may be used off-label to manage estrogen levels during testosterone therapy. Additionally, they are sometimes used for chemoprevention in individuals at high risk of developing breast cancer.","wiki_history":"==History==\nThe development of aromatase inhibitors was first pioneered by the work of British pharmacologist Angela Brodie at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, first demonstrating efficacy of Formestane in clinical trials in 1982. The drug was first marketed in 1994.\n\nInvestigations and research has been undertaken to study the use of aromatase inhibitors to stimulate ovulation, and also to suppress estrogen production. Aromatase inhibitors have been shown to reverse age-related declines in testosterone, including primary hypogonadism. Extracts of certain mushrooms have been shown to inhibit aromatase when evaluated by enzyme assays, with white mushroom having shown the greatest ability to inhibit the enzyme. AIs have also been used experimentally in the treatment of adolescents with delayed puberty.","wiki_medical_uses":"==Medical uses==\n\n===Cancer===\nIn contrast to premenopausal women, in whom most of the estrogen is produced in the ovaries, in postmenopausal women estrogen is mainly produced in peripheral tissues of the body. Because some breast cancers respond to estrogen, lowering estrogen production at the site of the cancer (i.e. the adipose tissue of the breast) with aromatase inhibitors has been proven to be an effective treatment for hormone-sensitive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Aromatase inhibitors are generally not used to treat breast cancer in premenopausal women because, prior to menopause, the decrease in estrogen activates the hypothalamus and pituitary axis to increase gonadotropin secretion, which in turn stimulates the ovary to increase androgen production. The heightened gonadotropin levels also upregulate the aromatase promoter, increasing aromatase production in the setting of increased androgen substrate. This would counteract the effect of the aromatase inhibitor in premenopausal women, as total estrogen would increase.\n\nOngoing areas of clinical research include optimizing adjuvant hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Tamoxifen (a SERM) traditionally was the drug treatment of choice, but the ATAC trial (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) showed that in women with localized estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, women receiving the AI anastrozole had better results than the tamoxifen group. Trials of AIs used as adjuvant"},"commercial":{"annualCostUS":"$0.00","genericStatus":"Generic — off-patent","currentRevenue":"$21.2B","patientPopulation":"","peakSalesEstimate":"$21.2B"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=aromatase-inhibitor","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=aromatase-inhibitor","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":3,"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/","fields":["molecular"],"source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aromatase-inhibitor","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://open.fda.gov/apis/drug/event/","fields":["safetySignals"],"source":"FDA FAERS"},{"id":6,"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/","fields":["regulatoryStatus"],"source":"European Medicines Agency (EMA)"},{"id":7,"url":"https://list.essentialmeds.org/","fields":["regulatoryStatus"],"source":"WHO Essential Medicines List"}],"_tgaChecked":true,"_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:29.438043+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"_whoChecked":true,"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"name":"Femara","company":"Novartis","advantage":"Femara has a longer half-life compared to Aromatase inhibitors, allowing for less frequent dosing.","genericName":"Letrozole"},{"name":"Aromasin","company":"Pfizer","advantage":"Aromasin has a more selective mechanism of action, reducing the risk of side effects compared to other Aromatase inhibitors.","genericName":"Exemestane"},{"name":"Arimidex","company":"AstraZeneca","advantage":"Arimidex has a higher potency compared to other Aromatase inhibitors, allowing for lower doses and reduced side effects.","genericName":"Anastrozole"},{"name":"Soltamox","company":"Sandoz","advantage":"Soltamox has a different mechanism of action, targeting estrogen receptors rather than aromatase, offering an alternative treatment 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