{"id":"apraclonidine","rwe":[{"pmid":"41819490","year":"2026","title":"Adverse Events and Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Effect of Topical 0.5% Apraclonidine in Childhood Glaucoma: A Retrospective Single-Center Study.","finding":"","journal":"Ophthalmology. Glaucoma","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41712740","year":"2026","title":"Horner Syndrome Following an Upper Thoracic Vertebral Column Resection for Congenital Scoliosis: A Case Report.","finding":"","journal":"JBJS case connector","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41640941","year":"2026","title":"Management of Complications Following Botulinum Toxin Facial Injections: A Narrative Review.","finding":"","journal":"Cureus","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41196580","year":"2025","title":"Systemic Toxicity With Use of Apraclonidine Ophthalmic Drops in Pediatric Patients.","finding":"","journal":"JAMA ophthalmology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41142411","year":"2025","title":"Iatrogenic Blepharoptosis: Multimodal Management and Treatment Technique With Botulinum Toxin Type A.","finding":"","journal":"Dermatology research and practice","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"29a937f9-0c0a-1d02-e063-6294a90ace3e","set_id":"00f18845-ccde-8678-e063-6294a90a3374","openfda":{"unii":["D2VW67N38H"],"route":["OPHTHALMIC"],"rxcui":["211020","308346"],"spl_id":["29a937f9-0c0a-1d02-e063-6294a90ace3e"],"brand_name":["IOPIDINE 1%"],"spl_set_id":["00f18845-ccde-8678-e063-6294a90a3374"],"package_ndc":["82667-200-01"],"product_ndc":["82667-200"],"generic_name":["APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE"],"manufacturer_name":["Harrow Eye, LLC"],"application_number":["NDA019779"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"2","warnings":["FOR TOPICAL OPHTHALMIC USE ONLY. Not for injection or oral ingestion."],"pregnancy":["Apraclonidine HCl has been shown to have an embryocidal effect in rabbits when given in an oral dose of 3 mg/kg/day (150 times the maximum recommended human dose). Dose related maternal toxicity was observed in pregnant rats at 0.3 mg/kg/day (15 times the maximum recommended human dose). There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. IOPIDINE* 1% Ophthalmic Solution should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus."],"overdosage":["Ingestion of IOPIDINE* 0.5% Ophthalmic Solution has been reported to cause bradycardia, drowsiness, and hypothermia. Accidental or intentional ingestion of oral clonidine has been reported to cause apnea, arrhythmias, asthenia, bradycardia, conduction defects, diminished or absent reflexes, dryness of the mouth, hypotension, hypothermia, hypoventilation, irritability, lethargy, miosis, pallor, respiratory depression, sedation or coma, seizure, somnolence, transient hypertension, and vomiting. Treatment of an oral overdose includes supportive and symptomatic therapy; a patent airway should be maintained. Hemodialysis is of limited value since a maximum of 5% of circulating drug is removed."],"description":["IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution contains apraclonidine hydrochloride, an alpha adrenergic agonist, in a sterile isotonic solution for topical application to the eye. Apraclonidine hydrochloride is a white to off‑white powder and is highly soluble in water. Its chemical name is 2-[(4‑amino-2,6 dichlorophenyl)imino] imidazolidine monohydrochloride with an empirical formula of C 9 H 11 Cl 3 N 4 and a molecular weight of 281.6. The chemical structure of apraclonidine hydrochloride is: Each mL of IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution contains: Actives : apraclonidine hydrochloride 11.5 mg equivalent to apraclonidine base 10 mg. Inactives: sodium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid (pH 4.4‑7.8), purified water and benzalkonium chloride 0.01% (preservative). Osmolality is 260‑320 mOsm. Picture1"],"precautions":["Since IOPIDINE* 1% Ophthalmic Solution is a potent depressor of IOP, patients who develop exaggerated reductions in IOP should be closely monitored. Although the acute administration of two drops of IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution has minimal effect on heart rate or blood pressure in clinical studies evaluating patients undergoing anterior segment laser surgery, the preclinical pharmacologic profile of this drug suggests that caution should be observed in treating patients with severe cardiovascular disease including hypertension. IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution should also be used with caution in patients with severe coronary insufficiency, recent myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal failure, Raynaud’s disease or thromboangiitis obliterans. The possibility of a vasovagal attack occurring during laser surgery should be considered and caution used in patients with history of such episodes. Topical ocular administration of two drops of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% IOPIDINE Ophthalmic Solution to New Zealand Albino rabbits three times daily for one month resulted in sporadic and transient instances of minimal corneal cloudiness in the 1.5% group only. No histopathological changes were noted in those eyes. No adverse ocular effects were observed in cynomolgus monkeys treated with two drops of 1.5% IOPIDINE Ophthalmic Solution applied three times daily for three months. No corneal changes were observed in 320 humans given at least one dose of IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution. Apraclonidine can cause dizziness and somnolence. Patients who engage in hazardous activities requiring mental alertness should be warned of the potential for a decrease in mental alertness on the day of surgery. Interactions with other agents have not been investigated. No significant change in tumor incidence or type was observed following two years of oral administration of apraclonidine HCl to rats and mice at dosages of 1 and 0.6 mg/kg/day, up to 50 and 30 times, respectively, the maximum dose recommended for human topical ocular use. Apraclonidine HCl was not mutagenic in a series of in vitro mutagenicity tests, including the Ames test, a mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay, a chromosome aberration assay in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, a sister chromatid exchange assay in CHO cells, and a cell transformation assay. An in vivo mouse micronucleus assay conducted with apraclonidine HCl also provided no evidence of mutagenicity. Reproduction and fertility studies in rats showed no adverse effect on male or female fertility at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day (25 times the maximum recommended human dose). Apraclonidine HCl has been shown to have an embryocidal effect in rabbits when given in an oral dose of 3 mg/kg/day (150 times the maximum recommended human dose). Dose related maternal toxicity was observed in pregnant rats at 0.3 mg/kg/day (15 times the maximum recommended human dose). There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. IOPIDINE* 1% Ophthalmic Solution should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. It is not known if topically applied IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution is excreted in human milk. Decision should be made to discontinue nursing temporarily for the one day on which IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution is used. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients."],"how_supplied":["IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution as base is a sterile, isotonic, aqueous solution containing apraclonidine hydrochloride. Supplied as follows: 0.1 mL in plastic ophthalmic dispensers, packaged two per pouch. These dispensers are enclosed in a foil overwrap as an added barrier to evaporation. 0.1 mL (packaged two per pouch) NDC 82667‑200-01 Storage: Store at 2°C to 25°C (36°F‑77°F). Protect from light. Manufactured for: Harrow Eye, LLC™ Nashville, TN 37205 USA Revised: February 2023"],"geriatric_use":["No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients."],"pediatric_use":["Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established."],"effective_time":"20241219","nursing_mothers":["It is not known if topically applied IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution is excreted in human milk. Decision should be made to discontinue nursing temporarily for the one day on which IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution is used."],"adverse_reactions":["The following adverse events, occurring in less than 2% of patients, were reported in association with the use of IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution in laser surgery: ocular injection, upper lid elevation, irregular heart rate, nasal decongestion, ocular inflammation, conjunctival blanching, and mydriasis. The following adverse events were observed in investigational studies dosing IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution once or twice daily for up to 28 days in non‑laser studies: Ocular Conjunctival blanching, upper lid elevation, mydriasis, burning, discomfort, foreign body sensation, dryness, itching, hypotony, blurred or dimmed vision, allergic response, conjunctival microhemorrhage. Gastrointestinal Abdominal pain, diarrhea, stomach discomfort, emesis Cardiovascular Bradycardia, vasovagal attack, palpitations, orthostatic episode Central Nervous System Insomnia, dream disturbances, irritability, decreased libido. Other Taste abnormalities, dry mouth, nasal burning or dryness, headache, head cold sensation, chest heaviness or burning, clammy or sweaty palms, body heat sensation, shortness of breath, increased pharyngeal secretion, extremity pain or numbness, fatigue, paresthesia, pruritus not associated with rash. Clinical Practice The following events have been identified during postmarketing use of IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution in clinical practice. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. The events, which have been chosen for inclusion due to either their seriousness, frequency of reporting, possible causal connection to IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution, or a combination of these factors, include hypersensitivity."],"contraindications":["IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution is contraindicated for patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapy and for patients with hypersensitivity to any component of this medication or to clonidine."],"drug_interactions":["Interactions with other agents have not been investigated."],"general_precautions":["Since IOPIDINE* 1% Ophthalmic Solution is a potent depressor of IOP, patients who develop exaggerated reductions in IOP should be closely monitored. Although the acute administration of two drops of IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution has minimal effect on heart rate or blood pressure in clinical studies evaluating patients undergoing anterior segment laser surgery, the preclinical pharmacologic profile of this drug suggests that caution should be observed in treating patients with severe cardiovascular disease including hypertension. IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution should also be used with caution in patients with severe coronary insufficiency, recent myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal failure, Raynaud’s disease or thromboangiitis obliterans. The possibility of a vasovagal attack occurring during laser surgery should be considered and caution used in patients with history of such episodes. Topical ocular administration of two drops of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% IOPIDINE Ophthalmic Solution to New Zealand Albino rabbits three times daily for one month resulted in sporadic and transient instances of minimal corneal cloudiness in the 1.5% group only. No histopathological changes were noted in those eyes. No adverse ocular effects were observed in cynomolgus monkeys treated with two drops of 1.5% IOPIDINE Ophthalmic Solution applied three times daily for three months. No corneal changes were observed in 320 humans given at least one dose of IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution."],"clinical_pharmacology":["Apraclonidine is a relatively selective, alpha adrenergic agonist and does not have significant membrane stabilizing (local anesthetic) activity. When instilled into the eye, IOPIDINE 1% (apraclonidine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution) has the action of reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). Ophthalmic apraclonidine has minimal effect on cardiovascular parameters. Optic nerve head damage and visual field loss may result from an acute elevation in IOP that can occur after argon or Nd:YAG laser surgical procedures. Elevated IOP, whether acute or chronic in duration, is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of visual field loss. The higher the peak or spike of IOP, the greater the likelihood of visual field loss and optic nerve damage especially in patients with previously compromised optic nerves. The onset of action with IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution can usually be noted within one hour and the maximum IOP reduction usually occurs three to five hours after application of a single dose. The precise mechanism of the ocular hypotensive action of IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution is not completely established at this time. Aqueous fluorophotometry studies in man suggest that its predominant action may be related to a reduction of aqueous formation. Controlled clinical studies of patients requiring argon laser trabeculoplasty, argon laser iridotomy or Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy showed that IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution controlled or prevented the post-surgical IOP rise typically observed in patients after undergoing those procedures. After surgery, the mean IOP was 1.2 to 4 mmHg below the corresponding pre-surgical baseline pressure before IOPIDINE Ophthalmic Solution treatment. With placebo treatment, post-surgical pressures were 2.5 to 8.4 mmHg higher than their corresponding pre-surgical baselines. Overall, only 2% of patients treated with IOPIDINE* 1% Ophthalmic Solution had severe IOP elevations (spike greater than or equal to 10 mmHg) during the first three hours after laser surgery, whereas 23% of placebo-treated patients responded with severe pressure spikes (Table 1). Of the patients that experienced a pressure spike after surgery, the peak IOP was above 30 mmHg in most patients (Table 2) and was above 50 mmHg in seven placebo-treated patients and one IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution-treated patient. Table 1: Incidence of IOP Spikes Greater Than or Equal to 10 mmHg Study Laser Procedure Treatment Apraclonidine Placebo P‑Value a N (%) a N (%) 1 Trabeculoplasty <0.05 0/40 (0%) 6/35 (17%) 2 Trabeculoplasty =0.06 2/41 (5%) 8/42 (19%) 1 Iridotomy <0.05 0/11 (0%) 4/10 (40%) 2 Iridotomy =0.05 0/17 (0%) 4/19 (21%) 1 Nd:YAG Capsulotomy <0.05 3/80 (4%) 19/83 (23%) 2 Nd:YAG Capsulotomy <0.05 0/83 (0%) 22/81 (27%) a N = Number Spikes/Number Eyes. Table 2: Magnitude of Post-surgical IOP in Trabeculoplasty, Iridotomy and Nd:YAG Capsulotomy Patients With Severe Pressure Spikes Greater than or Equal to 10 mmHg Maximum Postsurgical IOP (mmHg) Treatment Total Spikes 20-29 mmHg 30-39 mmHg 40-49 mmHg > 50 mmHg IOPIDINE 8 1 4 2 1 Placebo 78 16 47 8 7"],"indications_and_usage":["IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution is indicated to control or prevent post-surgical elevations in IOP that occur in patients after argon laser trabeculoplasty, argon laser iridotomy or Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy."],"information_for_patients":["Apraclonidine can cause dizziness and somnolence. Patients who engage in hazardous activities requiring mental alertness should be warned of the potential for a decrease in mental alertness on the day of surgery."],"dosage_and_administration":["One drop of IOPIDINE* 1% Ophthalmic Solution should be instilled in the scheduled operative eye one hour before initiating anterior segment laser surgery and a second drop should be instilled to the same eye immediately upon completion of the laser surgical procedure. Use a separate container for each single‑drop dose and discard each container after use."],"spl_product_data_elements":["IOPIDINE 1% apraclonidine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution SODIUM CHLORIDE WATER HYDROCHLORIC ACID BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM ACETATE SODIUM HYDROXIDE APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE APRACLONIDINE"],"clinical_pharmacology_table":["| Study | Laser Procedure | Treatment |
| Apraclonidine | Placebo |
| P‑Value | aN | (%) | aN | (%) |
| 1 | Trabeculoplasty | <0.05 | 0/40 | (0%) | 6/35 | (17%) |
| 2 | Trabeculoplasty | =0.06 | 2/41 | (5%) | 8/42 | (19%) |
| | | | | | |
| 1 | Iridotomy | <0.05 | 0/11 | (0%) | 4/10 | (40%) |
| 2 | Iridotomy | =0.05 | 0/17 | (0%) | 4/19 | (21%) |
| | | | | | |
| 1 | Nd:YAG Capsulotomy | <0.05 | 3/80 | (4%) | 19/83 | (23%) |
| 2 | Nd:YAG Capsulotomy | <0.05 | 0/83 | (0%) | 22/81 | (27%) |
","| Treatment | TotalSpikes | 20-29mmHg | 30-39mmHg | 40-49 mmHg | > 50 mmHg |
| IOPIDINE | 8 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Placebo | 78 | 16 | 47 | 8 | 7 |
"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["NDC 82667-200-01 IOPIDINE® (apraclonide hydrochloride ophthalmic solution) 1% as base Sterile CONTENTS: 12 pouches containing 2 units, 0.1mL each Store at 2°-25°C (36°-77°F). Protect from light. Rx Only HARROW® Manufactured for: Harrow Eye, LLC, Nashville, TN 37205 USA Made in France pouch"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["No significant change in tumor incidence or type was observed following two years of oral administration of apraclonidine HCl to rats and mice at dosages of 1 and 0.6 mg/kg/day, up to 50 and 30 times, respectively, the maximum dose recommended for human topical ocular use. Apraclonidine HCl was not mutagenic in a series of in vitro mutagenicity tests, including the Ames test, a mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay, a chromosome aberration assay in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, a sister chromatid exchange assay in CHO cells, and a cell transformation assay. An in vivo mouse micronucleus assay conducted with apraclonidine HCl also provided no evidence of mutagenicity. Reproduction and fertility studies in rats showed no adverse effect on male or female fertility at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day (25 times the maximum recommended human dose)."]},"tags":[{"label":"alpha-Adrenergic Agonist","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"ADRA2A","category":"gene"},{"label":"ADRA2B","category":"gene"},{"label":"ADRA2C","category":"gene"},{"label":"S01EA03","category":"atc"},{"label":"Ophthalmic","category":"route"},{"label":"Solution","category":"form"},{"label":"Solution/ Drops","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Mature","category":"status"},{"label":"Cerebrovascular Occlusion","category":"indication"},{"label":"Increased Intraocular Pressure after Ocular Procedure","category":"indication"},{"label":"Open-angle glaucoma","category":"indication"},{"label":"Percutaneous coronary intervention","category":"indication"},{"label":"Prevention of Cerebral Thrombosis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Subacute Stent Thrombosis Prevention","category":"indication"},{"label":"Harrow Eye","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1980s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Adrenergic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Adrenergic Agonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Adrenergic alpha-Agonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INEFFECTIVE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"20 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"OFF LABEL USE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"7 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"SOMNOLENCE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"7 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"VISION BLURRED","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"6 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"CONSTIPATION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"5 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRY MOUTH","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"5 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DYSPNOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"5 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"EYE PAIN","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"5 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"EYELID PTOSIS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"5 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"SINUS BRADYCARDIA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"5 reports"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Dry mouth","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Discomfort","drugRate":"reported","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Hyperemia","drugRate":"reported","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Pruritus","drugRate":"reported","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Tearing","drugRate":"reported","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Blurred vision","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Conjunctivitis","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Discharge","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Dry eye","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Foreign body sensation","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Lid edema","drugRate":"reported","severity":"mild"},{"effect":"Abnormal vision","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Blepharitis","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Blepharoconjunctivitis","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Conjunctival edema","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Conjunctival follicles","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Corneal erosion","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Corneal infiltrate","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Corneal staining","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Edema","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Irritation","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Keratitis","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Keratopathy","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Lid disorder","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Lid erythema","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Lid margin crusting","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Lid retraction","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Lid scales","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Pain","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Photophobia","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Bradycardia","drugRate":"reported","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Hypersensitivity","drugRate":"reported","severity":"serious"}],"contraindications":["Acute nephropathy","Arterial aneurysm","Ascorbic acid deficiency","Bleeding","Blood coagulation disorder","Cerebral hemorrhage","Congenital hypoplastic anemia","Gastrointestinal hemorrhage","Gastrointestinal ulcer","Hyperlipidemia","Hypertensive disorder","Leukemia, disease","Lumbar puncture","Neutropenic disorder","Obstruction of bile duct","Procedure on central nervous system","Severe Cardiopulmonary Disease","Surgical procedure","Syncope","Thrombocytopenic disorder","Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","Vagal Reflex Bradycardia"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Apraclonidine HCl has been shown to have an embryocidal effect in rabbits when given in an oral dose of mg/kg/day (150 times the maximum recommended human dose). Dose related maternal toxicity was observed in pregnant rats at 0.3 mg/kg/day (15 times the maximum recommended human dose).","Geriatric use":"No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Harrow Health","patents":[],"pricing":[{"market":"United States","source":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","asOfDate":"2024-01-03","unitCost":"$10.9444/ML","priceType":"NADAC","sourceUrl":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","annualCost":"$3,940","description":"APRACLONIDINE HCL 0.5% DROPS","retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=APRACLONIDINE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:14:51.642148+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:14:58.468559+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:14:50.256601+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=APRACLONIDINE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:14:59.401528+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:14:48.550115+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:14:48.550165+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:15:00.909794+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Adrenergic receptor alpha-2 agonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:14:59.989183+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1200379/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:14:59.877086+00:00"},"safety.commonSideEffects":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"The following adverse events, occurring in less than 2% of patients, were reported in association with the use of IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution in laser surgery: ocular injection, upper lid elevation, irregular heart rate, nasal decongestion, ocular inflammation, conjunctival blanching, and mydriasis. The following adverse events were observed in investigational studies dosing IOPIDINE 1% Ophthalmic Solution once or twice daily for up to 28 days in non‑laser studies: Ocular Conjunctival blanch","confidence":0.95,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:15:04.471609+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"NDA019779","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:14:48.550172+00:00"}},"allNames":"iopidine","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["apraclonidine","aplonidine","lopidine","apraclonidine hydrochloride","aminoclonidine monohydrochloride","apraclonidine HCl"],"timeline":[{"date":"1987-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from ALCON to Harrow Eye"},{"date":"1987-12-31","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Alcon)"},{"date":"1993-07-30","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Iopidine approved — EQ 0.5% BASE"},{"date":"2009-03-12","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 1 manufacturer approved"}],"aiSummary":"Iopidine (APRACLONIDINE) is a small molecule alpha-Adrenergic Agonist that targets the Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor. It was originally developed by ALCON and is now owned by Harrow Eye. Iopidine is FDA-approved for various indications including open-angle glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure after ocular procedure, and prevention of cerebral thrombosis. The drug is off-patent, with a single generic manufacturer available. 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