{"id":"angiotensin-ii","rwe":[{"pmid":"41905956","year":"2026","title":"Cathelicidin Links Visceral Fat Accumulation and Coronary Artery Disease.","finding":"","journal":"Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41905098","year":"2026","title":"Unveiling zhenwu decoction: A promising remedy for hypertensive heart failure via MAPKs/STAT2-NLRC5 pathway.","finding":"","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41903810","year":"2026","title":"Saikosaponin D protects against isoproterenol-induced kidney injury in rats by regulating the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system.","finding":"","journal":"Toxicology and applied pharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41903682","year":"2026","title":"Identification of metabolic biomarkers in atrial fibrillation patients via the multi-omics strategy: the critical involvement of pyruvate kinase M2.","finding":"","journal":"Archives of biochemistry and biophysics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41901206","year":"2026","title":"Yixinjiedu Formula Attenuates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction by Suppressing Ferroptosis and Restoring Mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin Axis.","finding":"","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"db7a3372-cd0e-412e-a8e2-90b5fdcf3e3e","set_id":"727d1102-fc46-46f8-b78e-fd13f0738fe4","openfda":{"nui":["N0000192562","N0000009908"],"unii":["M089EFU921"],"route":["INTRAVENOUS"],"rxcui":["1999007"],"spl_id":["db7a3372-cd0e-412e-a8e2-90b5fdcf3e3e"],"brand_name":["ANGIOTENSIN II"],"spl_set_id":["727d1102-fc46-46f8-b78e-fd13f0738fe4"],"package_ndc":["68083-553-01"],"product_ndc":["68083-553"],"generic_name":["ANGIOTENSIN II"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"pharm_class_pe":["Vasoconstriction [PE]"],"substance_name":["ANGIOTENSIN II"],"pharm_class_epc":["Vasoconstrictor [EPC]"],"manufacturer_name":["Gland Pharma Limited"],"application_number":["ANDA216966"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"3","pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary The published data on angiotensin II use in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Angiotensin II. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Septic or other distributive shock is a medical emergency that can be fatal if left untreated. Delaying treatment in pregnant women with hypotension associated with septic or other distributive shock is likely to increase the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality."],"overdosage":["10 OVERDOSAGE Overdose of Angiotensin II would be expected to result in hypertension, necessitating close monitoring and supportive care. Effects are expected to be brief because the half-life of angiotensin II is less than one minute."],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION Angiotensin II is a naturally occurring peptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. Angiotensin II Injection is a sterile, aqueous solution of synthetic human angiotensin II for intravenous administration by infusion. Each 1 mL of Angiotensin II Injection contains 2.5 mg angiotensin II equivalent to an average of 2.9 mg angiotensin II acetate, 25 mg mannitol, and Water for Injection adjusted with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid to pH of 5.5. The chemical name of the synthetic angiotensin II acetate is L-Aspartyl-L-arginyl-L-valyl-L­-tyrosyl-L-isoleucyl-L-histidyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine, acetate salt. The counter ion acetate is present in a non-stoichiometric ratio. It is a white to off-white powder, soluble in water. The structure of angiotensin II acetate is shown below. Molecular formula: C50H71N13O12 • (C2H4O2) n; (n= number of acetate molecules; theoretical n= 3) Average molecular weight: 1046.2 (as free base). angiotensin-II-chemcial-structure"],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.1. How Supplied Angiotensin II Injection is a clear, aqueous solution for administration by intravenous infusion supplied as a single dose vial as follows: • 2.5 mg/mL vial: NDC 68083-553-01: A carton of one 1 mL single dose vial containing 2.5 mg angiotensin II (as a sterile liquid). 16.2. Storage and Handling • Angiotensin II Injection vials should be stored in the refrigerator (36-46°F, 2-8°C). • Discard prepared diluted solution after 24 hours at room temperature or under refrigeration. Manufactured by: Gland Pharma Limited Hyderabad -502307, INDIA Revised: September, 2022","16.1. How Supplied Angiotensin II Injection is a clear, aqueous solution for administration by intravenous infusion supplied as a single dose vial as follows: • 2.5 mg/mL vial: NDC 68083-553-01: A carton of one 1 mL single dose vial containing 2.5 mg angiotensin II (as a sterile liquid)."],"geriatric_use":["8.5 Geriatric Use In ATHOS-3, 48% of the total patient population was aged 65 years and older. There was no significant difference in safety or efficacy between patients less than 65 and those 65 years or older when treated with Angiotensin II."],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and efficacy of Angiotensin II in pediatric patients have not been established."],"effective_time":"20250604","clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES 14.1. ATHOS-3 The Angiotensin II for the Treatment of High-Output Shock (ATHOS-3) trial was a double-blind study in which 321 adults with septic or other distributive shock who remained hypotensive despite fluid and vasopressor therapy were randomized 1:1 to Angiotensin II or placebo. Doses of Angiotensin II or placebo were titrated to a target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of ≥ 75 mmHg during the first 3 hours of treatment while doses of other vasopressors were maintained. From Hour 3 to Hour 48, Angiotensin II or placebo were titrated to maintain MAP between 65 and 70 mmHg while reducing doses of other vasopressors. The primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects who achieved either a MAP ≥ 75 mmHg or a ≥ 10 mmHg increase in MAP without an increase in baseline vasopressor therapy at 3 hours. 91% of subjects had septic shock; the remaining subjects had other forms of distributive shock such as neurogenic shock. At the time of study drug administration, 97% of subjects were receiving norepinephrine, 67% vasopressin, 15% phenylephrine, 13% epinephrine, and 2% dopamine. 83% of subjects had received two or more vasopressors and 47% three or more vasopressors prior to study drug administration. 61% of subjects were male, 80% were White, 10% were Black, and 10% were other races. The median age of subjects was 64 years (range: 22-89 years). Patients requiring high doses of steroids, patients with a history of asthma or bronchospasm, and patients with Raynaud’s syndrome were not included. The primary endpoint was achieved by 70% of patients randomized to Angiotensin II compared to 23% of placebo subjects; p < 0.0001 (a treatment effect of 47%). Figure 1 shows the results in all patients and in selected subgroups. Figure 1: ATHOS-3: Primary Endpoint – Overall Result and Results in Selected Subgroups NE Equiv = norepinephrine equivalent dose: the sum of all vasopressors doses with each vasopressor dose converted to the clinically equivalent norepinephrine dose Note: The figure above presents effects in various subgroups, all of which are baseline characteristics. The 95% confidence limits that are shown do not take into account the number of comparisons made, and may not reflect the effect of a particular factor after adjustment for all other factors. Apparent homogeneity or heterogeneity among groups should not be over-interpreted. In the Angiotensin II -treated group, the median time to reach the target MAP endpoint was 5 minutes. The effect on MAP was sustained for at least the first three hours of treatment. The median dose of Angiotensin II was 10 ng/kg/min at 30 minutes. Of the 114 responders at Hour 3, only 2 (1.8%) received more than 80 ng/kg/min. Patients were not necessarily on maximum doses of other vasopressors at the time of randomization. The effect of Angiotensin II when added to maximum doses of other vasopressors is unknown. Mortality through Day 28 was 46% on Angiotensin II and 54% on placebo (hazard ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval 0.57 – 1.07). angiotensin-fig-1"],"pharmacodynamics":["12.2 Pharmacodynamics For the 114 (70%) patients in the Angiotensin II arm who reached the target MAP at Hour 3, the median time to reach the target MAP endpoint was approximately 5 minutes. Angiotensin II is titrated to effect for each individual patient."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics Following intravenous infusion of angiotensin II in adults with septic or other distributive shock, serum levels of angiotensin II are similar at Baseline and Hour 3 after intravenous infusion. After 3 hours of treatment, however, the serum level of angiotensin I (the angiotensin II precursor peptide) is reduced by approximately 40%. Distribution: No specific studies were conducted that examined the distribution of Angiotensin II. Metabolism and Excretion: No specific studies were conducted that examined the metabolism and excretion of Angiotensin II. The plasma half-life of IV administered angiotensin II is less than one minute. It is metabolized by aminopeptidase A and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 to angiotensin-(2-8) [angiotensin III] and angiotensin-(1-7), respectively in plasma, erythrocytes and many of the major organs (i.e., intestine, kidney, liver and lung). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) mediated activity of angiotensin III is approximately 40% of angiotensin II; however, aldosterone synthesis activity is similar to angiotensin II. Angiotensin-(1-7) exerts the opposite effects of angiotensin II on AT1 receptors and causes vasodilation. Specific Populations No formal pharmacokinetic studies were conducted with Angiotensin II in the following specific populations. Renal Impairment The clearance of angiotensin II is not dependent on renal function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of Angiotensin II are not expected to be influenced by renal impairment. Hepatic Impairment The clearance of angiotensin II is not dependent on hepatic function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of Angiotensin II are not expected to be influenced by hepatic impairment. Age The effect of age was analyzed in the 163 patients receiving Angiotensin II in ATHOS-3. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between age groups (< 65 years / ≥ 65 years). Male and Female Patients The effect of sex was analyzed in the 163 patients receiving Angiotensin II in ATHOS-3. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between male and female patients."],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The most common adverse reactions reported in greater than 10% in Angiotensin II treated patients were thromboembolic events. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Gland Pharma at (609)-250‐7990 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. ATHOS-3 The safety of Angiotensin II was evaluated in ATHOS-3 [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . Patients in ATHOS-3 were receiving other vasopressors in addition to Angiotensin II or placebo, which were titrated to effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP). Table 2 summarizes adverse reactions with an incidence of at least 4% among patients treated with Angiotensin II and with a rate of at least 1.5% higher with Angiotensin II than with placebo. Table 2: Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 4% of Patients Treated with Angiotensin II and ≥ 1.5% More Often than in Placebo-treated Patients in ATHOS-3 A dverse Event Angiotensin II N= 163 Placebo N= 158 Thromboembolic events a 21 (12.9%) 8 (5.1%) Deep vein thrombosis 7 (4.3%) 0 (0.0%) Thrombocytopenia 16 (9.8%) 11 (7.0%) Tachycardia 14 (8.6%) 9 (5.7%) Fungal infection 10 (6.1%) 2 (1.3%) Delirium 9 (5.5%) 1 (0.6%) Acidosis 9 (5.5%) 1 (0.6%) Hyperglycemia 7 (4.3%) 4 (2.5%) Peripheral ischemia 7 (4.3%) 4 (2.5%) a Including arterial and venous thrombotic events"],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS None. None (4.1)"],"drug_interactions":["7 DRUG INTERACTIONS • Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ACE inhibitors may increase response to Angiotensin II. ( 7.1 ) • Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB) ARBs may reduce response to Angiotensin II. ( 7.2 ) 7.1. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Concomitant use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may increase the response to Angiotensin II. 7.2. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB) Concomitant use of angiotensin II blockers (ARBs) may decrease the response to Angiotensin II."],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction and increased aldosterone release. Direct action of angiotensin II on the vessel wall is mediated by binding to the G-protein coupled-angiotensin II receptor type 1 on vascular smooth muscle cells, which stimulates Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of myosin and causes smooth muscle contraction."],"storage_and_handling":["16.2. Storage and Handling • Angiotensin II Injection vials should be stored in the refrigerator (36-46°F, 2-8°C). • Discard prepared diluted solution after 24 hours at room temperature or under refrigeration. Manufactured by: Gland Pharma Limited Hyderabad -502307, INDIA Revised: September, 2022"],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction and increased aldosterone release. Direct action of angiotensin II on the vessel wall is mediated by binding to the G-protein coupled-angiotensin II receptor type 1 on vascular smooth muscle cells, which stimulates Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of myosin and causes smooth muscle contraction. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics For the 114 (70%) patients in the Angiotensin II arm who reached the target MAP at Hour 3, the median time to reach the target MAP endpoint was approximately 5 minutes. Angiotensin II is titrated to effect for each individual patient. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Following intravenous infusion of angiotensin II in adults with septic or other distributive shock, serum levels of angiotensin II are similar at Baseline and Hour 3 after intravenous infusion. After 3 hours of treatment, however, the serum level of angiotensin I (the angiotensin II precursor peptide) is reduced by approximately 40%. Distribution: No specific studies were conducted that examined the distribution of Angiotensin II. Metabolism and Excretion: No specific studies were conducted that examined the metabolism and excretion of Angiotensin II. The plasma half-life of IV administered angiotensin II is less than one minute. It is metabolized by aminopeptidase A and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 to angiotensin-(2-8) [angiotensin III] and angiotensin-(1-7), respectively in plasma, erythrocytes and many of the major organs (i.e., intestine, kidney, liver and lung). Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) mediated activity of angiotensin III is approximately 40% of angiotensin II; however, aldosterone synthesis activity is similar to angiotensin II. Angiotensin-(1-7) exerts the opposite effects of angiotensin II on AT1 receptors and causes vasodilation. Specific Populations No formal pharmacokinetic studies were conducted with Angiotensin II in the following specific populations. Renal Impairment The clearance of angiotensin II is not dependent on renal function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of Angiotensin II are not expected to be influenced by renal impairment. Hepatic Impairment The clearance of angiotensin II is not dependent on hepatic function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of Angiotensin II are not expected to be influenced by hepatic impairment. Age The effect of age was analyzed in the 163 patients receiving Angiotensin II in ATHOS-3. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between age groups (< 65 years / ≥ 65 years). Male and Female Patients The effect of sex was analyzed in the 163 patients receiving Angiotensin II in ATHOS-3. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between male and female patients."],"indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Angiotensin II Injection increases blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock. Angiotensin II Injection is a vasoconstrictor to increase blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock. (1)"],"warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS • There is a potential for venous and arterial thrombotic and thromboembolic events in patients who receive Angiotensin II. Use concurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis. ( 5.1 , 6.1 ) 5.1 Risk for Thrombosis The safety of Angiotensin II was evaluated in 321 adults with septic or other distributive shock in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, ATHOS-3. There was a higher incidence of arterial and venous thrombotic and thromboembolic events in patients who received Angiotensin II compared to placebo-treated patients in the ATHOS-3 study (13% vs. 5%). The major imbalance was in deep venous thromboses. Use concurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis."],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No genetic toxicity studies have been conducted with Angiotensin II. No carcinogenicity or fertility studies with Angiotensin II have been conducted in animals. 13.2. Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology No animal toxicology studies were conducted with Angiotensin II. 13.3. Safety Pharmacology In a cardiovascular safety pharmacology study in normotensive dogs, Angiotensin II doses of 150, 450, and 1800 ng/kg (5, 15 and 60 ng/kg/min) were infused intravenously for 30 minutes each. At ≥ 450 ng/kg, Angiotensin II caused significantly elevated MAP and systemic vascular resistance, as expected. The 1800 ng/kg dose also caused increased heart rate, increased systemic vascular resistance, increased left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures, and PR interval prolongation. Angiotensin II did not significantly alter respiratory rate or cause electrocardiographic changes in QRS duration or QTc."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
Adverse Event Angiotensin II N=163 Placebo N=158
Thromboembolic eventsa 21 (12.9%) 8 (5.1%)
Deep vein thrombosis 7 (4.3%) 0 (0.0%)
Thrombocytopenia 16 (9.8%) 11 (7.0%)
Tachycardia 14 (8.6%) 9 (5.7%)
Fungal infection 10 (6.1%) 2 (1.3%)
Delirium 9 (5.5%) 1 (0.6%)
Acidosis 9 (5.5%) 1 (0.6%)
Hyperglycemia 7 (4.3%) 4 (2.5%)
Peripheral ischemia 7 (4.3%) 4 (2.5%)
"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Dilute Angiotensin II Injection in 0.9% sodium chloride prior to use. See Full Prescribing Information for instructions on preparation and administration of injection. Diluted solution may be stored at room temperature or under refrigeration and should be discarded after 24 hours. Angiotensin II Injection must be administered as an intravenous infusion. ( 2.1 ) • Start Angiotensin II Injection intravenously at 20 nanograms (ng)/kg/min. Titrate as frequently as every 5 minutes by increments of up to 15 ng/kg/min as needed. During the first 3 hours, the maximum dose should not exceed 80 ng/kg/min. Maintenance dose should not exceed 40 ng/kg/min. ( 2.2 ) 2.1. Preparation Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Angiotensin II Injection must be administered as an intravenous infusion. Angiotensin II Injection must be diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride prior to use. Dilute the contents of one vial of Angiotensin II Injection in 0.9% saline to achieve a final concentration of 5,000 ng/mL or 10,000 ng/mL. Discard vial and any unused portion of the drug product after use. Table 1: Preparation of Diluted Solution F l u i d Restricted? V i al Strength Withdraw Amount (m L ) I n f usion Bag Size (mL) Final Concentration (ng/mL) No 2.5 mg/mL 1 500 5,000 Yes 2.5 mg/mL 1 250 10,000 Diluted solution may be stored at room temperature or under refrigeration. Discard prepared solution after 24 hours at room temperature or under refrigeration. 2.2. Administration The recommended starting dosage of Angiotensin II Injection is 20 nanograms (ng)/kg/min via continuous intravenous infusion. Administration through a central venous line is recommended. Monitor blood pressure response and titrate Angiotensin II Injection every 5 minutes by increments of up to 15 ng/kg/min as needed to achieve or maintain target blood pressure. Do not exceed 80 ng/kg/min during the first 3 hours of treatment. Maintenance doses should not exceed 40 ng/kg/min. Doses as low as 1.25 ng/kg/min may be used. Once the underlying shock has sufficiently improved, down-titrate every 5 to 15 minutes by increments of up to 15 ng/kg/min based on blood pressure."],"spl_product_data_elements":["ANGIOTENSIN II ANGIOTENSIN II ANGIOTENSIN II ANGIOTENSIN II MANNITOL WATER SODIUM HYDROXIDE HYDROCHLORIC ACID"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Injection: 2.5 mg/mL angiotensin II in a vial. Angiotensin II Injection is a clear, aqueous solution. Injection: 2.5 mg/mL in a vial."],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary The published data on angiotensin II use in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Angiotensin II. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Septic or other distributive shock is a medical emergency that can be fatal if left untreated. Delaying treatment in pregnant women with hypotension associated with septic or other distributive shock is likely to increase the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. 8.2. Lactation Risk Summary It is not known whether Angiotensin II is present in human milk. No data are available on the effects of angiotensin II on the breastfed child or the effects on milk production. 8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and efficacy of Angiotensin II in pediatric patients have not been established. 8.5 Geriatric Use In ATHOS-3, 48% of the total patient population was aged 65 years and older. There was no significant difference in safety or efficacy between patients less than 65 and those 65 years or older when treated with Angiotensin II."],"dosage_and_administration_table":["
Fluid Restricted? Vial Strength Withdraw Amount (mL) Infusion Bag Size (mL) Final Concentration (ng/mL)
No 2.5 mg/mL 1 500 5,000
Yes 2.5 mg/mL 1 250 10,000
"],"animal_pharmacology_and_or_toxicology":["13.2. Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology No animal toxicology studies were conducted with Angiotensin II."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL Carton label NDC 68083-553-01 1 x 1 mL single-dose vial Angiotensin II Injection 2.5 mg/mL Must dilute prior to intravenous infusion. Rx Only Single-dose vial Discard unused portion Container label 1 mL single-dose vial NDC 68083-553-01 Angiotensin II Injection 2.5 mg/mL Must dilute prior to intravenous infusion. Discard unused portion Rx Only angiotensin-II-carton-label angiotensin-II-container-label"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No genetic toxicity studies have been conducted with Angiotensin II. No carcinogenicity or fertility studies with Angiotensin II have been conducted in animals."]},"tags":[{"label":"Vasoconstrictor","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Type-2 angiotensin II receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"AGTR2","category":"gene"},{"label":"AGTR1","category":"gene"},{"label":"C01CX09","category":"atc"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"La Jolla Pharma","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 2010s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Vasoconstrictor Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"llr":84.305,"date":"","count":16,"signal":"Peripheral ischaemia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 16 times (LLR=84)"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Thromboembolic events","drugRate":"12.9%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"5.1%"},{"effect":"Deep vein thrombosis","drugRate":"4.3%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"0.0%"},{"effect":"Thrombocytopenia","drugRate":"9.8%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"7.0%"},{"effect":"Tachycardia","drugRate":"8.6%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"5.7%"},{"effect":"Fungal infection","drugRate":"6.1%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"1.3%"},{"effect":"Delirium","drugRate":"5.5%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"0.6%"},{"effect":"Acidosis","drugRate":"5.5%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"0.6%"},{"effect":"Hyperglycemia","drugRate":"4.3%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"2.5%"},{"effect":"Peripheral ischemia","drugRate":"4.3%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"2.5%"}],"specialPopulations":{"Lactation":"It is not known whether GIAPREZA is present in human milk. No data are available on the effects of angiotensin II on the breastfed child or the effects on milk production.","Pregnancy":"The published data on angiotensin II use in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Septic or other distributive shock is medical emergency that can be fatal if left untreated. Delaying treatment in pregnant women with hypotension associated with septic or other distributive shock is likely to increase the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.","Geriatric use":"In ATHOS-3, 48% of the total patient population was aged 65 years and older. There was no significant difference in safety or efficacy between patients less than 65 and those 65 years or older when treated with GIAPREZA.","Paediatric use":"The safety and efficacy of GIAPREZA in pediatric patients have not been established."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"La Jolla Pharma","patents":[{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Dec 18, 2034","useCode":"U-2218","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"9220745","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Dec 16, 2029","useCode":"U-2231","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"9867863","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Dec 18, 2034","useCode":"U-2338","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"10028995","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Jul 18, 2031","useCode":"U-2221","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"9572856","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Dec 16, 2029","useCode":"U-2581","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"10335451","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Dec 16, 2029","useCode":"U-2740","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"10548943","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Dec 18, 2034","useCode":"U-2679","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"10493124","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Dec 16, 2029","useCode":"U-2681","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"10500247","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Dec 18, 2034","useCode":"U-3514","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"11559559","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Jan 6, 2037","useCode":"U-3262","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"11219662","drugSubstance":false},{"applNo":"N209360","source":"FDA Orange Book","status":"Active","expires":"Dec 18, 2034","useCode":"U-3211","territory":"US","drugProduct":false,"patentNumber":"11096983","drugSubstance":false}],"pricing":[],"_fixedAt":"2026-03-30T16:55:58.734020","_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ANGIOTENSIN II","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:24.627385+00:00"},"patents":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Orange Book","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_orange_book","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:24.627293+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:30.621764+00:00"},"regulatory.eu":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"European Medicines Agency","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ema_api","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:24.698790+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ANGIOTENSIN II","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:31.029699+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:22.633272+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:22.633312+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:22.633319+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL4303676/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:32.154159+00:00"},"safety.commonSideEffects":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The most common adverse reactions reported in greater than 10% in Angiotensin II treated patients were thromboembolic events. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Gland Pharma at (609)-250‐7990 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinic","confidence":0.95,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:56.123204+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA216966","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:22.633324+00:00"}},"allNames":"giapreza","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["angiotensin II","giapreza"],"timeline":[{"date":"2017-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from LA JOLLA PHARMACEUTICAL CO to La Jolla Pharma"},{"date":"2017-12-21","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (La Jolla Pharmaceutical Co)"},{"date":"2019-08-23","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"EMA approval (La Jolla Pharmaceutical II B.V.)"},{"date":"2025-06-03","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 1 manufacturer approved"}],"aiSummary":"Giapreza is a vasoconstrictor medication developed by La Jolla Pharmaceutical Co, now owned by La Jolla Pharma. It targets the type-2 angiotensin II receptor to increase blood pressure in patients with vasodilatory shock. Giapreza was FDA-approved in 2017 and is currently patented. The medication is a small molecule that works by mimicking the action of angiotensin II to constrict blood vessels. It is used to treat vasodilatory shock in adult patients.","brandName":"Giapreza","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"target":"Type-2 angiotensin II receptor, Type-1 angiotensin II receptor, Type-1 angiotensin II receptor","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"AGTR2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Type-2 angiotensin II receptor","protein":"Type-2 angiotensin II receptor"},{"gene":"AGTR1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Type-1 angiotensin II receptor","protein":"Type-1 angiotensin II receptor"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Vasoconstrictor [EPC]","explanation":". Mechanism of Action. Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction and increased aldosterone release. Direct action of angiotensin II on the vessel wall is mediated by binding to the G-protein-coupled angiotensin II receptor type on vascular smooth muscle cells, which stimulates Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of myosin and causes smooth muscle contraction.","oneSentence":"Giapreza works by mimicking the action of angiotensin II to constrict blood vessels.","technicalDetail":"Giapreza is a small molecule that selectively binds to the type-2 angiotensin II receptor, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"2017","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 2017-12-21, LA JOLLA PHARMACEUTICAL CO)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/5272","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ANGIOTENSIN%20II","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ANGIOTENSIN II","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_emaChecked":true,"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T08:48:04.220670","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":1,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T02:07:57.444293+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"losartan","drugSlug":"losartan","fdaApproval":"1995-04-14","patentExpiry":"Oct 7, 2041","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"miconazole","drugSlug":"miconazole","fdaApproval":"1974-01-08","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"saralasin","drugSlug":"saralasin","fdaApproval":"","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"telmisartan","drugSlug":"telmisartan","fdaApproval":"1998-11-10","genericCount":18,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-target"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://drugcentral.org","name":"DrugCentral","fields":["indications","contraindications","safety","target","drugInteractions"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"angiotensin ii","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"_fixedFields":["pubmed(57622)"],"currentOwner":"La Jolla Pharma","drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"losartan","brandName":"losartan","genericName":"losartan","approvalYear":"1995","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"miconazole","brandName":"miconazole","genericName":"miconazole","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"saralasin","brandName":"saralasin","genericName":"saralasin","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"telmisartan","brandName":"telmisartan","genericName":"telmisartan","approvalYear":"1998","relationship":"same-target"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT06072508","phase":"NA","title":"Prognostic Interest of Vasorin in Septic Shock","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens","startDate":"2023-07-03","conditions":["Sepsis","Acute Kidney Injury"],"enrollment":50,"completionDate":"2025-03-29"},{"nctId":"NCT04901169","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"Angiotensin II in Liver 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