{"id":"aminopterin","rwe":[{"pmid":"41843833","year":"2026","title":"Evolution of Therapy in Pediatric ALL From Aminopterin to Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: Global Advances, Indian Adaptations, and Lessons for Low- and Middle-Income Countries.","finding":"","journal":"JCO global oncology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41455890","year":"2025","title":"Investigating monoclonal antibody against cytokeratin 19 tumor marker.","finding":"","journal":"BMC immunology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40604818","year":"2025","title":"STK3 is a transcriptional target of YAP1 and a hub component in the crosstalk between Hippo and Wnt signaling pathways during gastric carcinogenesis.","finding":"","journal":"Molecular cancer","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40330075","year":"2025","title":"Heterohybridomas producing human immunoglobulin light chains using CD138-selected bone marrow cells.","finding":"","journal":"Biochemistry and biophysics reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40168847","year":"2025","title":"Establishment of B4-100 and B4-C4, clonal canine multiple myeloma cell lines and their application in generating monoclonal antibody-producing fully canine hybridomas.","finding":"","journal":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"aminopterin","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Dihydrofolate reductase","category":"target"},{"label":"DHFR","category":"gene"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Leukemia, disease","category":"indication"},{"label":"Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Folic Acid Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"discontinued","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"pteramina","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["4-aminofolic acid","Aminofolic acid, 4-","aminopterin","aminopterine","pteramina","aminopterin sodium"],"timeline":[],"brandName":"Pteramina","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Leukemia, disease","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":800000}],"mechanism":{"target":"Dihydrofolate reductase","targets":[{"gene":"DHFR","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Dihydrofolate reductase","protein":"Dihydrofolate reductase"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"aminopterin","explanation":"Think of it like a roadblock for cells to make new DNA. When cells try to divide and grow, they need to make new DNA, but Pteramina blocks the enzyme that helps make that DNA. This can be helpful in treating diseases like leukemia, where cells are growing too quickly.","oneSentence":"Pteramina works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is necessary for DNA synthesis and cell division.","technicalDetail":"Pteramina specifically inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), which is essential for the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, a necessary cofactor for DNA synthesis and repair."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/21","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=AMINOPTERIN","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=AMINOPTERIN","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T08:43:19.180113","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"methotrexate","drugSlug":"methotrexate","fdaApproval":"1953-12-07","patentExpiry":"Oct 4, 2026","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"pemetrexed","drugSlug":"pemetrexed","fdaApproval":"2004-02-04","patentExpiry":"Oct 28, 2035","patentStatus":"Patent 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