{"id":"almitrine","rwe":[{"pmid":"41298796","year":"2025","title":"Comparative effects of respiratory stimulants in mechanically ventilated patients: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","finding":"","journal":"Scientific reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40329926","year":"2025","title":"Chronic Mountain Sickness: A Comprehensive Review of Current Management and Proposals for Novel Therapies.","finding":"","journal":"High altitude medicine & biology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40005505","year":"2025","title":"Repurposing COVID-19 Compounds (via MMV COVID Box): Almitrine and Bortezomib Induce Programmed Cell Death in Trypanosoma cruzi.","finding":"","journal":"Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"39770804","year":"2024","title":"Antiproliferative and Morphological Analysis Triggered by Drugs Contained in the Medicines for Malaria Venture COVID-Box Against Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites.","finding":"","journal":"Microorganisms","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"38543052","year":"2024","title":"Anti-COVID Drugs (MMV COVID Box) as Leishmanicidal Agents: Unveiling New Therapeutic Horizons.","finding":"","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"almitrine","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"R07AB07","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Chronic obstructive lung disease","category":"indication"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neuroprotective Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Protective Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Respiratory System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":80.353,"date":"","count":9,"signal":"Lichenoid keratosis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 9 times (LLR=80)"}],"commonSideEffects":[]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ALMITRINE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:26:24.616314+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almitrine","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:26:31.706175+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:26:30.160119+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ALMITRINE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:26:30.667750+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1183717/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:26:31.362724+00:00"}},"allNames":"duxil","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["almitrine","almitrine mesylate","almitrine mesilate","duxil","almitrine dimesilate","almitrine dimesylate"],"timeline":[],"brandName":"Duxil","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Chronic obstructive lung disease","otherDrugs":[{"name":"aclidinium bromide","slug":"aclidinium-bromide","company":"Astrazeneca Pharms"},{"name":"arformoterol","slug":"arformoterol","company":"Sunovion"},{"name":"fluticasone furoate","slug":"fluticasone-furoate","company":"Glaxosmithkline"},{"name":"glycopyrronium bromide","slug":"glycopyrronium-bromide","company":"Shionogi Inc"}],"globalPrevalence":391900000}],"mechanism":{"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"almitrine","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Duxil acts as a selective agonist of the dopamine D2 receptor in the carotid body, leading to an increase in the release of neurotransmitters that stimulate ventilation."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almitrine","title":"Almitrine","extract":"Almitrine is a diphenylmethylpiperazine derivative classified as a respiratory stimulant by the ATC. It enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.\nA significant literature exists for this compound, including over 60 papers that Medline labels as reviews."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/127","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ALMITRINE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ALMITRINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almitrine","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T08:38:05.557574","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-19T23:26:33.107542+00:00","fieldsConflicting":2,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"doxapram","drugSlug":"doxapram","fdaApproval":"1965-06-23","genericCount":2,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"almitrine","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Chronic obstructive lung disease","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":13645005,"regulator":"FDA","usPrevalence":null,"globalPrevalence":391900000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"Lancet Respir Med, 2019 (PMID:35279265)"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"doxapram","brandName":"doxapram","genericName":"doxapram","approvalYear":"1965","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT05216575","phase":"","title":"Almitrine in COVID-19 Patients With ARDS Treated by HFNO","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice","startDate":"2021-01-01","conditions":["ARDS","Hypoxemia"],"enrollment":62,"completionDate":"2022-01-31"},{"nctId":"NCT04357457","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Efficacy of Intravenous Almitrine in Reducing the Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Patients With Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure Due to Covid-19-related Pneumonia","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris","startDate":"2020-09-03","conditions":["Covid 19","Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure"],"enrollment":181,"completionDate":"2021-12-17"},{"nctId":"NCT04380727","phase":"","title":"Almitrine and COVID-19 Related Hypoxemia","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Central Hospital, Nancy, France","startDate":"2020-03-20","conditions":["COVID-19","Hypoxic Respiratory Failure"],"enrollment":17,"completionDate":"2020-04-25"},{"nctId":"NCT01470703","phase":"NA","title":"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris","startDate":"2011-12-08","conditions":["Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)"],"enrollment":249,"completionDate":"2017-09"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000167166","NDDF":"003689","UNII":"9A1222NBG4","CHEBI":"CHEBI:53778","INN_ID":"4123","RXNORM":"528","UMLSCUI":"C0002164","chemblId":"CHEMBL1183717","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL1183717","KEGG_DRUG":"D02822","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB01430","PUBCHEM_CID":"33887","SNOMEDCT_US":"418600009","SECONDARY_CAS_RN":"29608-49-9","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D015765","MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI":"C037558"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"pharmacokinetics":{"source":"DrugCentral","halfLife":"1344.0 hours","clearance":"0.97 mL/min/kg","bioavailability":"63%","fractionUnbound":"0.01%","volumeOfDistribution":"35.37 L/kg"},"publicationCount":520,"therapeuticAreas":["Respiratory"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"R07AB07","allCodes":["R07AB07"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2025 Nov 26","pmid":"41298796","title":"Comparative effects of respiratory stimulants in mechanically ventilated patients: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"date":"2025 Sep","pmid":"40329926","title":"Chronic Mountain Sickness: A Comprehensive Review of Current Management and Proposals for Novel Therapies.","journal":"High altitude medicine & biology"},{"date":"2025 Feb 1","pmid":"40005505","title":"Repurposing COVID-19 Compounds (via MMV COVID Box): Almitrine and Bortezomib Induce Programmed Cell Death in Trypanosoma cruzi.","journal":"Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"date":"2024 Dec 16","pmid":"39770804","title":"Antiproliferative and Morphological Analysis Triggered by Drugs Contained in the Medicines for Malaria Venture COVID-Box Against Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites.","journal":"Microorganisms"},{"date":"2024 Feb 20","pmid":"38543052","title":"Anti-COVID Drugs (MMV COVID Box) as Leishmanicidal Agents: Unveiling New Therapeutic Horizons.","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"withdrawn","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"CA","regulator":"Health Canada","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null}],"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-19T23:26:33.107542+00:00","fieldsConflicting":2,"overallConfidence":0.8},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":false,"indications":true,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}