{"id":"alfentanil","rwe":[{"pmid":"41884141","year":"2026","title":"Efficacy and safety of ciprofol for general anesthesia in pediatric strabismus correction surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority study.","finding":"","journal":"Frontiers in medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41827284","year":"2026","title":"The Influence of Pharmacological Agents Used During General Anesthesia on the Intensity of Postoperative Pain and the Occurrence of Post-Anesthetic Delirium-A Scoping Review.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41822893","year":"2026","title":"Case Report: Esophageal balloon occlusion with a Foley catheter in high-risk sedated gastroscopy.","finding":"","journal":"Frontiers in medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41797806","year":"2026","title":"Effects of different doses of alfentanil on tracheal intubation stress responses in ambulatory hysteroscopic surgery: a randomized, double-blind, clinical comparative study.","finding":"","journal":"Frontiers in medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41742792","year":"2026","title":"Evaluation of Therapeutic Opioids in Skin-Derived Matrices (Sweat and Sebum) of Neonatal and Pediatric Patients and Their Role in Opioid Incorporation Into Hair.","finding":"","journal":"Drug testing and analysis","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"Opioid Agonist","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Mu-type opioid receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"OPRM1","category":"gene"},{"label":"ABCB1","category":"gene"},{"label":"N01AH02","category":"atc"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Mature","category":"status"},{"label":"General anesthesia","category":"indication"},{"label":"Rising","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1980s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Analgesics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Analgesics, Opioid","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anesthetics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anesthetics, Intravenous","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Depressants","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Narcotics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Sensory System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":144.119,"date":"","count":24,"signal":"Anaesthetic complication neurological","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 24 times (LLR=144)"},{"llr":108.072,"date":"","count":38,"signal":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 38 times (LLR=108)"},{"llr":83.892,"date":"","count":30,"signal":"Anaphylactic shock","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 30 times (LLR=84)"},{"llr":73.638,"date":"","count":10,"signal":"Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 10 times (LLR=74)"},{"llr":56.664,"date":"","count":10,"signal":"Change in seizure presentation","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 10 times (LLR=57)"},{"llr":51.232,"date":"","count":28,"signal":"Anaphylactic reaction","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 28 times (LLR=51)"}],"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/amprenavir","drug":"amprenavir","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Amprenavir","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"amprenavir"},{"url":"/drug/erythromycin","drug":"erythromycin","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Erythromycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"erythromycin"},{"url":"/drug/fluconazole","drug":"fluconazole","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Fluconazole","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"fluconazole"},{"url":"/drug/isocarboxazid","drug":"isocarboxazid","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Isocarboxazid","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"isocarboxazid"},{"url":"/drug/linezolid","drug":"linezolid","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Linezolid","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"linezolid"},{"url":"/drug/mibefradil","drug":"mibefradil","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Mibefradil Dihydrochloride","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"mibefradil"},{"url":"/drug/naltrexone","drug":"naltrexone","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Naltrexone","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"naltrexone"},{"url":"/drug/phenelzine","drug":"phenelzine","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Phenelzine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"phenelzine"},{"url":"/drug/rasagiline","drug":"rasagiline","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Rasagiline","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"rasagiline"},{"url":"/drug/selegiline","drug":"selegiline","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Selegiline","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"selegiline"},{"url":"/drug/tranylcypromine","drug":"tranylcypromine","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Tranylcypromine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"tranylcypromine"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"28%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Hypertension","drugRate":"18%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"18%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Chest wall rigidity","drugRate":"17%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Bradycardia","drugRate":"14%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Tachycardia","drugRate":"12%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Hypotension","drugRate":"10%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Skeletal muscle movements","drugRate":"6%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Myoclonic movements","drugRate":"1%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"0.65%","severity":"common","organSystem":""}],"contraindications":["Asthenia","Benign intracranial hypertension","Bradycardia","Chronic disease of respiratory system","Disease of liver","Injury of head","Kidney disease","Lesion of brain","Low blood pressure"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"May cause fetal harm. Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy may cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Alfentanil has been shown to have an embryocidal effect in rats and rabbits when given in doses 2.5 times the upper human dose for period of 10 days to over 30 days.","Geriatric use":"The initial dose of Alfentanil HCl Injection should be appropriately reduced in elderly. Patients over the age of 65 have been found to have reduced plasma clearance and extended terminal elimination which may prolong postoperative recovery.","Paediatric use":"Adequate data to support the use of alfentanil in children under 12 years of age are not presently available."},"seriousAdverseEvents":[{"effect":"Respiratory depression","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Skeletal muscle rigidity","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Apnea","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Anaphylaxis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Laryngospasm","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Bronchospasm","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Hypercarbia","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Postoperative respiratory depression","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Postoperative confusion","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Postoperative sedation","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Rising","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_fixedAt":"2026-03-30T13:12:35.991920","_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ALFENTANIL","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:18:32.593571+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfentanil","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:18:39.426889+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:18:37.839375+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ALFENTANIL","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:18:38.387830+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Mu opioid receptor agonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:18:39.426818+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1200531/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:18:39.095286+00:00"}},"allNames":"alfenta","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["alfentanil","alfentanil hydrochloride","afentanyl","alfentanyl","rapifen","alfentanil HCl"],"timeline":[{"date":"1986-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from AKORN to Rising"},{"date":"1986-12-29","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Akorn)"},{"date":"1999-10-28","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 1 manufacturer approved"}],"aiSummary":"Alfenta (alfentanil) is a small molecule opioid agonist that targets the mu-type opioid receptor. It was originally developed by AKORN and is now owned by Rising. Alfenta is used for general anesthesia and was FDA approved in 1986. It has a short half-life of 1.6 hours and low bioavailability of 1%. Alfenta is off-patent and has a generic manufacturer.","brandName":"Alfenta","ecosystem":[{"indication":"General anesthesia","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetylcysteine","slug":"acetylcysteine","company":"Apothecon"},{"name":"alimemazine","slug":"alimemazine","company":"Allergan Herbert"},{"name":"amobarbital","slug":"amobarbital","company":""},{"name":"atracurium","slug":"atracurium","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Mu-type opioid receptor","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"OPRM1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Mu-type opioid receptor","protein":"Mu-type opioid receptor","isPrimary":true,"activityType":"EC50","activityValue":8.5},{"gene":"ABCB1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Multidrug resistance protein 1","protein":"Multidrug resistance protein 1"}],"moaClass":"Full Opioid Agonists","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Opioid Agonist","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Alfenta exerts its effects by binding to the mu-type opioid receptor with high affinity, activating G-protein coupled signaling pathways that ultimately lead to the inhibition of pain transmission and the production of analgesia and sedation."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfentanil","title":"Alfentanil","extract":"Alfentanil, sold under the brand name Alfenta among others, is a potent, short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug used for anesthesia in surgery. It is an analogue of fentanyl with around one-fourth to one-tenth the potency, one-third the duration of action, and an onset of action four times faster than that of fentanyl. Alfentanil has a pKa of approximately 6.5, which leads to a very high proportion of the drug being uncharged at physiologic pH, a characteristic responsible for its rapid-onset. It is an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor.","wiki_history":"==History==\nThe first application of the bolus, elimination, transfer infusion scheme used alfentanil and etomidate in 1983."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1986","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1986-12-29, AKORN)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/114","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ALFENTANIL","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ALFENTANIL","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfentanil","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T08:36:50.189797","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:18:40.640978+00:00","fieldsConflicting":2,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"fentanyl","drugSlug":"fentanyl","fdaApproval":"1968-02-19","patentExpiry":"Jan 25, 2027","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"sufentanil","drugSlug":"sufentanil","fdaApproval":"1984-05-04","patentExpiry":"Oct 22, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"anileridine","drugSlug":"anileridine","fdaApproval":"","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"remifentanil","drugSlug":"remifentanil","fdaApproval":"1996-07-12","genericCount":3,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"alfentanil","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"General anesthesia","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":50697003,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"patients undergoing general surgery in which endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are required"}],"offLabel":[{"name":"Pain","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"ALFENTANIL","evidenceCount":675,"evidenceLevel":"strong"},{"name":"Sedation in Intubated Patients","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"ALFENTANIL","evidenceCount":26,"evidenceLevel":"moderate"}],"pipeline":[]},"_fixedFields":["primaryTarget","pubmed(2385)"],"currentOwner":"Rising","drugCategory":"mature","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"fentanyl","brandName":"fentanyl","genericName":"fentanyl","approvalYear":"1968","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"sufentanil","brandName":"sufentanil","genericName":"sufentanil","approvalYear":"1984","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"anileridine","brandName":"anileridine","genericName":"anileridine","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"remifentanil","brandName":"remifentanil","genericName":"remifentanil","approvalYear":"1996","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07211828","phase":"NA","title":"EEG and Pain Monitor Data Under Anesthesia to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects of Opioids and Sedatives","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Chi Kwan Fung","startDate":"2025-10-10","conditions":["Sedation and Analgesia","Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde","Anesthesia, General"],"enrollment":20,"completionDate":"2028-06-16"},{"nctId":"NCT07395596","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Remimazolam for 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Bronchoscopic Spraying of Local Anesthetics","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Taiwan University Hospital","startDate":"2022-05-09","conditions":["Lung Diseases","Total Intravenous Anesthesia","Bronchoscopic Interventions"],"enrollment":108,"completionDate":"2024-10-30"},{"nctId":"NCT06065137","phase":"NA","title":"Standardised Drug Provocation Testing in Perioperative Hypersensitivity","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University Hospital, Antwerp","startDate":"2023-10-23","conditions":["Allergic Reaction","Hypersensitivity","Perioperative Complication","Anaphylaxis","Anaphylactic Reaction","Immediate Hypersensitivity","Hypersensitivity, Drug"],"enrollment":50,"completionDate":"2025-06-30"},{"nctId":"NCT06810843","phase":"NA","title":"Sedation of Remazolam Combined With Afentanil in Non-intubated Thoracoscopic Pulmonary Surgery","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Qianfoshan Hospital","startDate":"2025-12","conditions":["Pulmonary Nodule 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Rate of Early Mobilisation in Hip Fracture Patients Using Alfentanil Better Than Standard Opioid Analgesia?","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"NHS Lothian","startDate":"2024-03-04","conditions":["Hip Injuries","Hip Fractures","Pain","Post Operative Pain","Early Ambulation"],"enrollment":64,"completionDate":"2024-07-18"},{"nctId":"NCT05688384","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Patient-Controlled Sedation in Port Implantation (PACSPI-2)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Region Jönköping County","startDate":"2023-01-19","conditions":["Pain","Patient Satisfaction","Cancer","Venous Puncture"],"enrollment":340,"completionDate":"2024-11-08"},{"nctId":"NCT06563297","phase":"PHASE4","title":"To Explore the Optimal Dose of Alfentanil for Skull Pin Fixation in Intracranial Surgery","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital","startDate":"2024-08-13","conditions":["Procedural 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to Children Per Standard of Care","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Daniel Benjamin","startDate":"2011-11","conditions":["Adenovirus","Anesthesia","Anxiety","Anxiolysis","Autism","Autistic Disorder","Bacterial Meningitis","Bacterial Septicemia","Benzodiazepine","Bipolar Disorder","Bone and Joint Infections","Central Nervous System Infections","Convulsions","Cytomegalovirus Retinitis","Early-onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders","Epilepsy","General Anesthesia","Gynecologic Infections","Herpes Simplex Virus","Infantile Hemangioma","Infection","Inflammation","Inflammatory Conditions","Intra-abdominal Infections","Lower Respiratory Tract Infections","Migraines","Pain","Pneumonia","Schizophrenia","Sedation","Seizures","Skeletal Muscle Spasms","Skin and Skin-structure Infections","Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia","Urinary Tract Infections","Withdrawal","Sepsis","Gram-negative Infection","Bradycardia","Cardiac Arrest","Cardiac Arrhythmia","Staphylococcal Infections","Nosocomial 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