{"id":"adapalene","rwe":[{"pmid":"41891349","year":"2026","title":"The efficacy of a bioactive moisturizer in mitigating side effects of acne therapies: a randomized, investigator-blind, split-face trial.","finding":"","journal":"Dermatology reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41888273","year":"2026","title":"Adapalene, an RAR agonist, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating macrophage polarization through RAR[Formula: see text]-mediated signaling pathways.","finding":"","journal":"Scientific reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41692081","year":"2026","title":"Vitamins and the skin: Vitamin A and retinoids in dermatology.","finding":"","journal":"Clinics in dermatology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41667210","year":"2026","title":"Persistent methaemoglobinaemia due to unsupervised use of topical dapsone-adapalene.","finding":"","journal":"BMJ case reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41608352","year":"2026","title":"Multifunctional Biomaterial Strategies to Regulate Inflammation and Promote Kidney Repair.","finding":"","journal":"Biomaterials research","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"7d9cddd2-9ba1-472a-a4c9-02290fa450a1","set_id":"049ea4d9-c60e-4406-b199-da5abe92eced","openfda":{"nui":["N0000175607","M0018962"],"unii":["1L4806J2QF","W9WZN9A0GM"],"route":["TOPICAL"],"rxcui":["829539"],"spl_id":["7d9cddd2-9ba1-472a-a4c9-02290fa450a1"],"brand_name":["Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel, 0.1%/2.5%"],"spl_set_id":["049ea4d9-c60e-4406-b199-da5abe92eced"],"package_ndc":["72162-2296-2"],"product_ndc":["72162-2296"],"generic_name":["ADAPALENE AND BENZOYL PEROXIDE GEL, 0.1%/2.5%"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"pharm_class_cs":["Retinoids [CS]"],"substance_name":["ADAPALENE","BENZOYL PEROXIDE"],"pharm_class_epc":["Retinoid [EPC]"],"manufacturer_name":["Bryant Ranch Prepack"],"application_number":["ANDA206164"],"original_packager_product_ndc":["21922-052"]},"version":"101","pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C. There are no well-controlled trials in pregnant women treated with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with the combination gel or benzoyl peroxide. Furthermore, such studies are not always predictive of human response; therefore, adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. No teratogenic effects were observed in rats treated with oral doses of 0.15 to 5.0 mg adapalene/kg/day, up to 25 times (mg/m2/day) the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 2 grams of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. However, teratogenic changes were observed in rats and rabbits when treated with oral doses of ≥ 25 mg adapalene/kg/day representing 123 and 246 times MRHD, respectively. Findings included cleft palate, microphthalmia, encephalocele and skeletal abnormalities in rats; and umbilical hernia, exophthalmos and kidney and skeletal abnormalities in rabbits. Dermal teratology studies conducted in rats and rabbits at doses of 0.6 to 6.0 mg adapalene/kg/day [25 to 59 times (mg/m2) the MRHD] exhibited no fetotoxicity and only minimal increases in supernumerary ribs in both species and delayed ossification in rabbits."],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is a white to very pale yellow, opaque gel for topical use containing adapalene 0.1% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5%. Adapalene, a synthetic retinoid, is a naphthoic acid derivative with retinoid-like properties. The chemical name for adapalene is (6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid). It has the following structural formula: Adapalene: Molecular formula: C 28 H 28 O 3 Molecular weight: 412.5 Benzoyl Peroxide is a highly lipophilic oxidizing agent that localizes in both bacterial and keratinocyte cell membranes. The chemical name for benzoyl peroxide is dibenzoyl peroxide. It has the following structural formula: Benzoyl Peroxide: Molecular formula: C 14 H 10 O 4 Molecular weight: 242.23 Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% contains the following inactive ingredients: carbopol 980, d-limonene, docusate sodium solution, edetate disodium, glycerin, poloxamer 182, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, purified water, sodium hydroxide and sorbitan monooleate."],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is white to very pale yellow in color and opaque in appearance. NDC: 72162-2296-2: 45 g in a BOTTLE, PUMP Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Repackaged/Relabeled by: Bryant Ranch Prepack, Inc. Burbank, CA 91504"],"geriatric_use":["8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects."],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% in pediatric patients under the age of 9 have not been established."],"effective_time":"20250108","nursing_mothers":["8.3 Nursing Mothers It is not known whether adapalene or benzoyl peroxide is excreted in human milk following use of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is administered to a nursing woman."],"clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES The safety and efficacy of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% applied once daily for the treatment of acne vulgaris were assessed in two 12 week, multicenter, controlled clinical studies of similar design, comparing adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% to the gel vehicle in acne subjects. Treatment response was defined as the percent of subjects who had a two grade improvement and rated ‘Clear’ and ‘Almost Clear’ at Week 12 based on the Investigator’s Global Assessment (IGA) and mean absolute change from baseline at Week 12 in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesion counts. An IGA score of ‘Clear’ corresponded to residual hyperpigmentation and erythema may be present. An IGA score of ‘Almost Clear’ corresponded to a few scattered comedones and a few small papules. In Study 1, 517 subjects were randomized to adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%, adapalene 0.1% in vehicle gel, benzoyl peroxide 2.5% in vehicle gel, or vehicle gel. The median age of these 517 subjects was 15 years old and 60% were males. At baseline, subjects had between 20 to 50 inflammatory lesions and 30 to 100 non-inflammatory lesions. The majority of subjects had a baseline IGA score of ‘Moderate’ which corresponded to more than half of the face is involved, many comedones, papules and pustules. The efficacy results at week 12 are presented in Table 3. In Study 2, 1668 subjects were randomized to adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%, adapalene 0.1% in vehicle gel, benzoyl peroxide 2.5% in vehicle gel, or vehicle gel. The median age of subjects was 16 years old and 49% were males. At baseline, subjects had between 20 to 50 inflammatory lesions and 30 to 100 non-inflammatory lesions as well as an Investigator Global Assessment score of ‘Moderate’. The efficacy results at week 12 are presented in Table 3. In Study 3, 285 pediatric subjects 9 to 11 years of age were randomized to adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% or vehicle gel. The median age of subjects was 11 years and 24% were males. At baseline, subjects had a minimum of 20 but not more than 100 total lesions (inflammatory and/or non-inflammatory) with an Investigator Global Assessment score of ‘Moderate’. The efficacy results at week 12 are presented in Table 3. Table 3: Clinical Efficacy of Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel 0.1% / 2.5% at Week 12 Study 1 Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel 0.1% / 2.5% (N=149) Adapalene 0.1% in Vehicle gel (N=148) Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% in Vehicle gel (N=149) Vehicle gel (N=71) IGA: Two Grade Improvement and Clear or Almost Clear 32 (21.5%) 18 (12.2%) 18 (12.1%) 4 (5.6%) Inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 16.0 (52.4%) 11.4 (39.9%) 10.5 (35.8%) 9.5 (31.8%) Non-inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 23.4 (45.9%) 15.2 (29.6%) 13.7 (32.2%) 13.2 (27.8% ) Study 2 Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel 0.1% / 2.5% (N=415) Adapalene 0.1% in Vehicle gel (N=420) Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% in Vehicle gel (N=415) Vehicle gel (N=418) IGA: Two Grade Improvement and Clear or Almost Clear 125 (30.1%) 83 (19.8%) 92 (22.2%) 47 (11.3%) Inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 15.4 (53.4%) 12.3 (41.7%) 13.7 (47.6%) 8.7 (30.2%) Non-inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 24.6 (48.1%) 21.0 (40.8%) 19.2 (37.2%) 11.3 (23.2%) In both Studies 1 and 2 the treatment effect was smaller in subjects with a small number of baseline lesions than in subjects with a large number of baseline lesions. Study 3 Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel 0.1% / 2.5% N=142 Vehicle Gel N=143 IGA: Two Grade Improvement and Clear or Almost Clear 67 (47.2%) 22 (15.4%) Inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 7.4 (36.0%) 0.7 (-13.2%)* Non-inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 20.2 (54.7%) 2.9 (2.3%) *That is, a mean percent increase of 13.2%"],"pharmacodynamics":["12.2 Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is unknown."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 10 adult subjects with acne vulgaris who were treated once daily for 30 days with 2 grams/day of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% applied to 1000 cm 2 of acne involved skin, (face, chest, and upper back). Two subjects (20%) had quantifiable adapalene plasma concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ=0.1ng/mL). The highest adapalene C max and AUC 0-24h was 0.21 ng/mL and 1.99 ng•h/mL, respectively. Excretion of adapalene appears to be primarily by the biliary route. Pharmacokinetics of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% in pediatric subjects have not been evaluated. Benzoyl peroxide is absorbed by the skin where it is converted to benzoic acid and eliminated in the urine."],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS Most commonly reported adverse events (≥1%) in patients treated with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% were dry skin, contact dermatitis, application site burning, application site irritation and skin irritation. (6) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Encube Ethicals Private Limited, at 1-833-285-4151 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. During clinical trials, 1401 subjects were exposed to adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. A total of 1036 subjects with acne vulgaris, 12 years and older, were treated once daily for 12 weeks to 12 months. Related adverse events reported within 12 weeks of treatment and in at least 1% of subjects treated with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% and those reported in subjects treated with the vehicle gel are presented in Table 1 : Table 1. Drug Related Adverse Events Reported in Clinical Trials by At Least 1% of Patients Treated For 12 Weeks System Organ Class/Preferred Term Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel 0.1% / 2.5% N=564 Vehicle gel N=489 Subjects with AE (s) 14% 4% Dry Skin 7% 2% Contact dermatitis 3% <1% Application site burning 2% <1% Application site irritation 1% <1% Skin irritation 1% 0% Local tolerability evaluations, presented in Table 2 , were conducted at each study visit in clinical trials by assessment of erythema, scaling, dryness, burning, and stinging. Table 2. Incidence of Local Cutaneous Irritation in Controlled Clinical Trials (N=553) Treatment Emergent Signs and Symptoms Maximum Severity During Treatment End of Treatment Severity (12 Weeks) Mild Moderate Severe Mild Moderate Severe Erythema 27% 13% 1% 8% 2% 1% Scaling 35% 11% 1% 9% 1% <1% Dryness 41% 13% 1% 10% 2% <1% Stinging/burning 41% 15% 3% 7% 2% 1% Analysis over the 12 week period showed that local tolerability scores for erythema, scaling, dryness, and stinging/burning peaked at Week 1 of therapy and decreased thereafter. During a pediatric clinical trial, 285 children with acne vulgaris, 9 to 11 years of age were treated with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% or with the vehicle gel once daily for 12 weeks. Overall, the safety profile of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% in these subjects is comparable to the safety profile observed in older subjects 12 years of age and above, both in the nature and frequency of the observed adverse events. Analysis of local tolerability evaluations shows similar incidence of treatment emergent signs and symptoms as in subjects 12 years of age and above, with local tolerability signs and symptoms peaking during the first week and decreasing over time. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%: eyelid edema, sunburn, blister, pain of skin, pruritus, swelling face, conjunctivitis, skin discoloration, rash, eczema, throat tightness and allergic contact dermatitis. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure."],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS None None. (4)"],"drug_interactions":["7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Concomitant topical acne therapy should be used with caution because a possible cumulative irritancy effect may occur, especially with the use of peeling, desquamating, or abrasive agents. No formal drug-drug interaction studies were conducted with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%."],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action Adapalene Adapalene binds to specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors but does not bind to cytosolic receptor protein. Biochemical and pharmacological profile studies have demonstrated that adapalene is a modulator of cellular differentiation, keratinization and inflammatory processes. However, the significance of these findings with regard to the mechanism of action of adapalene for the treatment of acne is unknown. Benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizing agent with bactericidal and keratolytic effects."],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Adapalene Adapalene binds to specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors but does not bind to cytosolic receptor protein. Biochemical and pharmacological profile studies have demonstrated that adapalene is a modulator of cellular differentiation, keratinization and inflammatory processes. However, the significance of these findings with regard to the mechanism of action of adapalene for the treatment of acne is unknown. Benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizing agent with bactericidal and keratolytic effects. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is unknown. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 10 adult subjects with acne vulgaris who were treated once daily for 30 days with 2 grams/day of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% applied to 1000 cm 2 of acne involved skin, (face, chest, and upper back). Two subjects (20%) had quantifiable adapalene plasma concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ=0.1ng/mL). The highest adapalene C max and AUC 0-24h was 0.21 ng/mL and 1.99 ng•h/mL, respectively. Excretion of adapalene appears to be primarily by the biliary route. Pharmacokinetics of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% in pediatric subjects have not been evaluated. Benzoyl peroxide is absorbed by the skin where it is converted to benzoic acid and eliminated in the urine."],"indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is indicated for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in patients 9 years of age and older. Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is a combination of adapalene, a retinoid, and benzoyl peroxide, and is indicated for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in patients 9 years of age and older. (1)"],"warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Ultraviolet Light and Environmental Exposure: Avoid exposure to sunlight and sunlamps. Wear sunscreen when sun exposure cannot be avoided. (5.1) Erythema, scaling, dryness, stinging/burning, irritant and allergic contact dermatitis may occur with use of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% and may necessitate discontinuation. (5.2) 5.1 Ultraviolet Light and Environmental Exposure Exposure to sunlight, including sunlamps, should be minimized during the use of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Patients with high levels of sun exposure and those with inherent sensitivity to sun should exercise particular caution. Use of sunscreen products and protective apparel, (e.g., hat) are recommended when exposure cannot be avoided. Weather extremes, such as wind or cold, may be irritating to patients under treatment with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. 5.2 Local Cutaneous Reactions Erythema, scaling, dryness, and stinging/burning may be experienced with use of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. These are most likely to occur during the first four weeks of treatment, are mostly mild to moderate in intensity, and usually lessen with continued use of the medication. Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis may occur. Depending upon the severity of these adverse reactions, patients should be instructed to use a moisturizer, reduce the frequency of the application of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%, or discontinue use. The product should not be applied to cuts, abrasions, eczematous or sunburned skin. As with other retinoids, use of “waxing” as a depilatory method should be avoided on skin treated with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Avoid concomitant use of other potentially irritating topical products (medicated or abrasive soaps and cleansers, soaps and cosmetics that have strong skin-drying effect and products with high concentrations of alcohol, astringents, spices, or limes)."],"clinical_studies_table":["
Study 1
Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel 0.1% / 2.5% (N=149) Adapalene 0.1% in Vehicle gel (N=148) Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% in Vehicle gel (N=149) Vehicle gel (N=71)
IGA: Two Grade Improvement and Clear or Almost Clear 32 (21.5%) 18 (12.2%) 18 (12.1%) 4 (5.6%)
Inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 16.0 (52.4%) 11.4 (39.9%) 10.5 (35.8%) 9.5 (31.8%)
Non-inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 23.4 (45.9%) 15.2 (29.6%) 13.7 (32.2%) 13.2 (27.8% )
","
Study 2
Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel 0.1% / 2.5% (N=415) Adapalene 0.1% in Vehicle gel (N=420) Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% in Vehicle gel (N=415) Vehicle gel (N=418)
IGA: Two Grade Improvement and Clear or Almost Clear 125 (30.1%) 83 (19.8%) 92 (22.2%) 47 (11.3%)
Inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 15.4 (53.4%) 12.3 (41.7%) 13.7 (47.6%) 8.7 (30.2%)
Non-inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 24.6 (48.1%) 21.0 (40.8%) 19.2 (37.2%) 11.3 (23.2%)
","
Study 3
Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel 0.1% / 2.5% N=142 Vehicle Gel N=143
IGA: Two Grade Improvement and Clear or Almost Clear 67 (47.2%) 22 (15.4%)
Inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 7.4 (36.0%) 0.7 (-13.2%)*
Non-inflammatory Lesions: Mean Absolute (Percent) Change 20.2 (54.7%) 2.9 (2.3%)
"],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No carcinogenicity, photocarcinogenicity, genotoxicity, or fertility studies were conducted with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Carcinogenicity studies with adapalene have been conducted in mice at topical doses of 0.4, 1.3, and 4.0 mg/kg/day (1.2, 3.9, and 12 mg/m2/day), and in rats at oral doses of 0.15, 0.5, and 1.5 mg/kg/day (0.9, 3.0, and 9.0 mg/m2/day). In terms of body surface area, the highest dose levels are 9.8 (mice) and 7.4 times (rats) the MRHD of 2 grams of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. In the rat study, an increased incidence of benign and malignant pheochromocytomas in the adrenal medulla of male rats was observed. No significant increase in tumor formation was observed in rodents topically treated with 15 to 25% benzoyl peroxide carbopol gel (6 to 10 times the concentration of benzoyl peroxide in adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%) for two years. Rats received maximum daily applications of 138 (males) and 205 (females) mg benzoyl peroxide/kg. In terms of body surface area, these levels are 27 to 40 times the MRHD. Similar results were obtained in mice topically treated with 25% benzoyl peroxide carbopol gel for 56 weeks followed by intermittent treatment with 15% benzoyl peroxide carbopol gel for the rest of the 2 year study period, and in mice topically treated with 5% benzoyl peroxide carbopol gel for two years. The role of benzoyl peroxide as a tumor promoter has been well established in several animal species. However, the significance of this finding in humans is unknown. In a photocarcinogenicity study conducted with 5% benzoyl peroxide carbopol gel, no increase in UV-induced tumor formation was observed in hairless mice topically treated for 40 weeks. No photocarcinogenicity studies were conducted with adapalene. However, animal studies have shown an increased tumorigenic risk with the use of pharmacologically similar drugs (e.g., retinoids) when exposed to UV irradiation in the laboratory or sunlight. Although the significance of these findings to humans is not clear, patients should be advised to avoid or minimize exposure to either sunlight or artificial irradiation sources. Adapalene did not exhibit mutagenic or genotoxic effects in vitro (Ames test, Chinese hamster ovary cell assay, mouse lymphoma TK assay) or in vivo (mouse micronucleus test).Bacterial mutagenicity assays (Ames test) with benzoyl peroxide has provided mixed results, mutagenic potential was observed in a few but not in a majority of investigations. Benzoyl peroxide has been shown to produce single-strand DNA breaks in human bronchial epithelial and mouse epidermal cells, it has caused DNA-protein cross-links in the human cells, and has also induced a dose-dependent increase in sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In rat oral studies, 20 mg adapalene/kg/day (120 mg/m2/day; 98 times the MRHD based on mg/m2/day comparison) did not affect the reproductive performance and fertility of F 0 males and females, or growth, development and reproductive function of F 1 offspring. No fertility studies were conducted with benzoyl peroxide."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
System Organ Class/Preferred Term Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel 0.1% / 2.5% N=564Vehicle gel N=489
Subjects with AE (s) 14% 4%
Dry Skin 7% 2%
Contact dermatitis 3% <1%
Application site burning 2% <1%
Application site irritation 1% <1%
Skin irritation 1% 0%
","
Maximum Severity During TreatmentEnd of Treatment Severity (12 Weeks)
Mild Moderate Severe Mild Moderate Severe
Erythema 27% 13% 1% 8% 2% 1%
Scaling 35% 11% 1% 9% 1% <1%
Dryness 41% 13% 1% 10% 2% <1%
Stinging/burning 41% 15% 3% 7% 2% 1%
"],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information) Information for Patients • Advise patients to cleanse the area to be treated with a mild or soapless cleanser; pat dry. Apply adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% as a thin layer, avoiding the eyes, lips and mucous membranes. • Advise patients not to use more than the recommended amount and not to apply more than once daily as this will not produce faster results, but may increase irritation. • Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% may cause irritation such as erythema, scaling, dryness, stinging or burning. • Advise patients to minimize exposure to sunlight, including sunlamps. • Recommend the use of sunscreen products and protective apparel, (e.g., hat) when exposure cannot be avoided. • Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% may bleach hair and colored fabric. Manufactured by: Encube Ethicals Private Limited Plot No. C-1, Madkaim Industrial Estate, Madkaim, Post: Mardol, Ponda, Goa - 403 404, India. Distributed by: Encube Ethicals, Inc. 200 Meredith Drive, Suite 202, Durham, NC 27713 USA"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION For topical use only; adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is not for oral, ophthalmic, or intravaginal use. Apply a thin film of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% to affected areas of the face and/or trunk once daily after washing. Use a pea-sized amount for each area of the face (e.g., forehead, chin, each cheek). Avoid the eyes, lips and mucous membranes. Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is not for oral, ophthalmic, or intravaginal use. (2) Apply a thin film of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% to affected areas of the face and/or trunk once daily after washing. Use a pea-sized amount for each area of the face (e.g., forehead, chin, each cheek). Avoid the eyes, lips and mucous membranes. (2)"],"spl_product_data_elements":["Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel, 0.1%/2.5% Adapalene and Benzoyl Peroxide Gel, 0.1%/2.5% ADAPALENE ADAPALENE BENZOYL PEROXIDE BENZOYL PEROXIDE EDETATE DISODIUM CARBOMER HOMOPOLYMER TYPE C (ALLYL PENTAERYTHRITOL CROSSLINKED) GLYCERIN PROPYLENE GLYCOL DOCUSATE SODIUM POLOXAMER 182 POLYSORBATE 80 SORBITAN MONOOLEATE LIMONENE, (+)- SODIUM HYDROXIDE WATER adapalene-str-1 bpo-str-fig-2"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Each gram of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% contains 1 mg (0.1%) adapalene and 25 mg (2.5%) benzoyl peroxide in a white to very pale yellow, opaque, aqueous based gel. Each gram of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% contains 1 mg (0.1%) adapalene and 25 mg (2.5%) benzoyl peroxide. (3)"],"spl_patient_package_insert":["PATIENT INFORMATION Adapalene (a dap' a leen) and Benzoyl (ben' zoe il) Peroxide Gel 0.1% / 2.5% Important: For use on the skin only (topical). Do not use adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% in or on your mouth, eyes, or vagina. Read this Patient Information leaflet about adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% before you start using it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This leaflet does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your treatment or your medical condition. If you have any questions about adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%, talk with your doctor or pharmacist. What is adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%? Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is a prescription medicine for skin use only (topical) used to treat acne vulgaris in people 9 years of age and older. Acne vulgaris is a condition in which the skin has blackheads, whiteheads and pimples. It is not known if adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is safe and effective in children younger than 9 years old. What should I tell my doctor before using adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%? Before you use adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%, tell your doctor if you: • have other skin problems, including cuts or sunburn • have any other medical conditions • are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. It is not known if adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% can harm your unborn baby. Talk to your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. • are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% passes into your breast milk and if it can harm your baby. Talk to your doctor about the best way to feed your baby if you use adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements. Especially tell your doctor if you use any other medicine for acne. Using adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% with topical medicines that contain sulfur, resorcinol or salicylic acid may cause skin irritation. Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your doctor and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. How should I use adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%? • Use adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% exactly as your doctor tells you to use it. Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is for skin use only. Do not use adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% in or on your mouth, eyes, or vagina. • Apply adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% 1 time a day. • Do not use more adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% than you need to cover the treatment area. Using too much adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% or using it more than 1 time a day may increase your chance of skin irritation. Applying adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%: • Wash the area where the gel will be applied with a mild cleanser and pat dry. • Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% comes in a tube and a pump. If you have been prescribed the: o Tube: Squeeze a small amount (about the size of a pea) of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% onto your fingertips and spread a thin layer over the affected area. o Pump: Depress the pump to dispense a small amount (about the size of a pea) of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% and spread a thin layer over the affected area. What should I avoid while using adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%? • You should avoid spending time in sunlight or artificial sunlight, such as tanning beds or sunlamps. Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% can make your skin sensitive to sun and the light from tanning beds and sunlamps. You should wear sunscreen and wear a hat and clothes that cover the areas treated with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% if you have to be in sunlight. • You should avoid weather extremes such as wind and cold as this may cause irritation to your skin. • You should avoid applying adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% to cuts, abrasions and sunburned skin. • You should avoid skin products that may dry or irritate your skin such as harsh soaps, astringents, cosmetics that have strong skin drying effects and products containing high levels of alcohol. • You should avoid the use of “waxing” as a hair removal method on skin treated with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. • Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% may bleach your clothes or hair. Allow adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% to dry completely before dressing to prevent bleaching of your clothes. What are the possible side effects of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%? Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% may cause serious side effects including: • Local skin reactions. Local skin reactions are most likely to happen during the first 4 weeks of treatment and usually lessen with continued use of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Signs and symptoms of local skin reaction include: • Redness • Dryness • Swelling • Scaling • Stinging or burning Tell your doctor right away if these side effects continue for longer than 4 weeks or get worse, you may have to stop using adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Tell your doctor if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. You may also report side effects to Encube Ethicals Private Limited, at 1-833-285-4151. How should I store adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%? • Store adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% at room temperature, 68° – 77° F (20° – 25° C) • Keep adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% inside container and out of light and away from heat. Keep adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% and all medicines out of the reach of children. General information about adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information Leaflet. Do not use adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them. This Patient Information leaflet summarizes the most important information about adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can also ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% that is written for health professionals. What are the ingredients in adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%? Active ingredient: adapalene and benzoyl peroxide Inactive ingredients: carbopol 980, d-limonene, docusate sodium solution, edetate disodium, glycerin, poloxamer 182, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, purified water, sodium hydroxide and sorbitan monooleate. Manufactured by: Encube Ethicals Private Limited Plot No. C-1, Madkaim Industrial Estate, Madkaim, Post: Mardol, Ponda, Goa - 403 404, India. Distributed by: Encube Ethicals, Inc. 200 Meredith Drive, Suite 202 Durham, NC 27713 USA Issued: 12/2022"],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C. There are no well-controlled trials in pregnant women treated with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with the combination gel or benzoyl peroxide. Furthermore, such studies are not always predictive of human response; therefore, adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. No teratogenic effects were observed in rats treated with oral doses of 0.15 to 5.0 mg adapalene/kg/day, up to 25 times (mg/m2/day) the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 2 grams of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. However, teratogenic changes were observed in rats and rabbits when treated with oral doses of ≥ 25 mg adapalene/kg/day representing 123 and 246 times MRHD, respectively. Findings included cleft palate, microphthalmia, encephalocele and skeletal abnormalities in rats; and umbilical hernia, exophthalmos and kidney and skeletal abnormalities in rabbits. Dermal teratology studies conducted in rats and rabbits at doses of 0.6 to 6.0 mg adapalene/kg/day [25 to 59 times (mg/m2) the MRHD] exhibited no fetotoxicity and only minimal increases in supernumerary ribs in both species and delayed ossification in rabbits. 8.3 Nursing Mothers It is not known whether adapalene or benzoyl peroxide is excreted in human milk following use of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% is administered to a nursing woman. 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% in pediatric patients under the age of 9 have not been established. 8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5% did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["Adapalene 1 mg/g; Benzoyl Peroxide 25 mg/g Label"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No carcinogenicity, photocarcinogenicity, genotoxicity, or fertility studies were conducted with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. Carcinogenicity studies with adapalene have been conducted in mice at topical doses of 0.4, 1.3, and 4.0 mg/kg/day (1.2, 3.9, and 12 mg/m2/day), and in rats at oral doses of 0.15, 0.5, and 1.5 mg/kg/day (0.9, 3.0, and 9.0 mg/m2/day). In terms of body surface area, the highest dose levels are 9.8 (mice) and 7.4 times (rats) the MRHD of 2 grams of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%. In the rat study, an increased incidence of benign and malignant pheochromocytomas in the adrenal medulla of male rats was observed. No significant increase in tumor formation was observed in rodents topically treated with 15 to 25% benzoyl peroxide carbopol gel (6 to 10 times the concentration of benzoyl peroxide in adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel 0.1% / 2.5%) for two years. Rats received maximum daily applications of 138 (males) and 205 (females) mg benzoyl peroxide/kg. In terms of body surface area, these levels are 27 to 40 times the MRHD. Similar results were obtained in mice topically treated with 25% benzoyl peroxide carbopol gel for 56 weeks followed by intermittent treatment with 15% benzoyl peroxide carbopol gel for the rest of the 2 year study period, and in mice topically treated with 5% benzoyl peroxide carbopol gel for two years. The role of benzoyl peroxide as a tumor promoter has been well established in several animal species. However, the significance of this finding in humans is unknown. In a photocarcinogenicity study conducted with 5% benzoyl peroxide carbopol gel, no increase in UV-induced tumor formation was observed in hairless mice topically treated for 40 weeks. No photocarcinogenicity studies were conducted with adapalene. However, animal studies have shown an increased tumorigenic risk with the use of pharmacologically similar drugs (e.g., retinoids) when exposed to UV irradiation in the laboratory or sunlight. Although the significance of these findings to humans is not clear, patients should be advised to avoid or minimize exposure to either sunlight or artificial irradiation sources. Adapalene did not exhibit mutagenic or genotoxic effects in vitro (Ames test, Chinese hamster ovary cell assay, mouse lymphoma TK assay) or in vivo (mouse micronucleus test).Bacterial mutagenicity assays (Ames test) with benzoyl peroxide has provided mixed results, mutagenic potential was observed in a few but not in a majority of investigations. Benzoyl peroxide has been shown to produce single-strand DNA breaks in human bronchial epithelial and mouse epidermal cells, it has caused DNA-protein cross-links in the human cells, and has also induced a dose-dependent increase in sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In rat oral studies, 20 mg adapalene/kg/day (120 mg/m2/day; 98 times the MRHD based on mg/m2/day comparison) did not affect the reproductive performance and fertility of F 0 males and females, or growth, development and reproductive function of F 1 offspring. No fertility studies were conducted with benzoyl peroxide."]},"tags":[{"label":"Retinoid","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Retinoic acid receptor beta","category":"target"},{"label":"RARB","category":"gene"},{"label":"RARG","category":"gene"},{"label":"RARA","category":"gene"},{"label":"D10AD03","category":"atc"},{"label":"Topical","category":"route"},{"label":"Cream","category":"form"},{"label":"Gel","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Established","category":"status"},{"label":"Acne vulgaris","category":"indication"},{"label":"Galderma Labs Lp","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1990s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Analgesics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Analgesics, Non-Narcotic","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antirheumatic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Dermatologic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Sensory System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INEFFECTIVE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"51446 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRY SKIN","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"45196 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"SKIN BURNING SENSATION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"41850 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ACNE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"39411 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ERYTHEMA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"38659 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"SKIN IRRITATION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"26325 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"SKIN EXFOLIATION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"21386 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"INAPPROPRIATE SCHEDULE OF PRODUCT ADMINISTRATION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"16208 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"RASH","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"15598 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"OVERDOSE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"13219 reports"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Skin burning sensation","drugRate":"","severity":"serious","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Erythema","drugRate":"","severity":"serious","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Dry skin","drugRate":"","severity":"serious","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Skin exfoliation","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Skin irritation","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Pain of skin","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Chemical burn of skin","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Inappropriate schedule of product administration","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Skin swelling","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Pruritus","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Acne","drugRate":"LLR 103","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Swelling face","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Overdose","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Dermatitis","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Rash macular","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3}],"contraindications":["Erythroderma","Inflammatory dermatosis","Photosensitivity"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"No teratogenic effects were observed in rats treated with oral doses of 0.15 to mg adapalene/kg/day, up to times (mg/m2/day) the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of grams of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide gel. However, teratogenic changes were observed in rats and rabbits when treated with oral doses of >=25 mg adapalene/kg/day representing 41 and 81 times MRHD, respectively. Findings included cleft palate, microphthalmia, encephalocele, and skeletal abnormalities in rats; and umbilical hernia, exophthalmos, and kidney and skeletal abnormalities in rabbits. Dermal teratology studies conducted in rats and rabbits at doses of 0.6 to mg adapalene/kg/day (9.7 to 19.5 times MRHD) exhibited no fetotoxicity and only minimal increases in supernumerary ribs in both species and delayed ossification in rabbits.","Geriatric use":"Clinical studies of DIFFERIN(R) Cream were conducted in patients 12 to 30 years of age with acne vulgaris and therefore did not include subjects 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 have not been established."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Galderma Labs Lp","patents":[{"type":"Formulation","number":"7998467","applicant":"GALDERMA LABORATORIES LP","territory":"US","tradeName":"DIFFERIN","expiryDate":"2028-05-31"},{"type":"Formulation","number":"8435502","applicant":"GALDERMA LABORATORIES LP","territory":"US","tradeName":"DIFFERIN","expiryDate":"2026-09-15"},{"type":"Formulation","number":"8709392","applicant":"GALDERMA LABORATORIES LP","territory":"US","tradeName":"DIFFERIN","expiryDate":"2026-09-15"}],"pricing":[{"market":"United States","source":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","asOfDate":"2024-01-03","unitCost":"$3.0985/GM","priceType":"NADAC","sourceUrl":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","annualCost":"$1,131","description":"ADAPALENE 0.1% CREAM","retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ADAPALENE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:38.225889+00:00"},"patents":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Orange Book","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_orange_book","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:38.225816+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapalene","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:45.267170+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:43.791806+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:37.344696+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ADAPALENE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:44.215890+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:36.164383+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:36.164420+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:36.164425+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:45.725633+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Retinoic acid receptor agonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:45.267106+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1265/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:44.936814+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA206164","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:36.164430+00:00"}},"allNames":"differin","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["adapalene","differin"],"timeline":[{"date":"1996-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from GALDERMA LABS LP to Galderma Labs Lp"},{"date":"1996-05-31","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Galderma Labs Lp)"},{"date":"2000-05-26","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Differin approved — 0.1%"},{"date":"2007-06-19","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Differin approved — 0.3%"},{"date":"2010-03-17","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Differin approved — 0.1%"},{"date":"2022-01-14","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 8 manufacturers approved"}],"aiSummary":"Differin (Adapalene) is a topical retinoid medication originally developed by Galderma Labs LP and approved by the FDA in 1996 for the treatment of acne vulgaris. It works by targeting the retinoic acid receptor beta, a key component in the development of acne. As a small molecule retinoid, Differin is available as a generic medication, with multiple manufacturers offering their versions. Despite being off-patent, Differin remains a widely used treatment for acne due to its efficacy and safety profile. Its commercial status and availability have contributed to its continued use in dermatological practices.","brandName":"Differin","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Acne vulgaris","otherDrugs":[{"name":"ammonia","slug":"ammonia","company":""},{"name":"amphotericin B","slug":"amphotericin-b","company":"Apothecon"},{"name":"azelaic acid","slug":"azelaic-acid","company":"Allergan"},{"name":"benzoyl peroxide","slug":"benzoyl-peroxide","company":"Valeant Intl"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Retinoic acid receptor beta","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"RARB","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Retinoic acid receptor beta","protein":"Retinoic acid receptor beta"},{"gene":"RARG","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Retinoic acid receptor gamma","protein":"Retinoic acid receptor gamma"},{"gene":"RARA","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Retinoic acid receptor alpha","protein":"Retinoic acid receptor alpha"},{"gene":"GLRA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1","protein":"Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1"},{"gene":"GOT1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic","protein":"Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Retinoid [EPC]","explanation":"Mechanism of Action:. Adapalene acts on retinoid receptors. Biochemical and pharmacological profile studies have demonstrated that adapalene is modulator of cellular differentiation, keratinization, and inflammatory processes all of which represent important features in the pathology of acne vulgaris.Mechanistically, adapalene binds to specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors but does not bind to the cytosolic receptor protein. Although the exact mode of action of adapalene is unknown, it is suggested that topical adapalene normalizes the differentiation of follicular epithelial cells resulting in decreased microcomedone formation.","oneSentence":"Differin works by binding to retinoic acid receptors on the skin's surface, which helps to prevent clogged pores and reduce inflammation.","technicalDetail":"Differin (Adapalene) is a selective retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ) agonist, which activates the transcription of genes involved in cell differentiation and proliferation, ultimately leading to the normalization of keratinocyte differentiation and the reduction of comedonal formation."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapalene","title":"Adapalene","extract":"Adapalene, sold under the brand name Differin among others, is a third-generation topical retinoid primarily used in the treatment of mild-moderate acne, and is also used off-label to treat keratosis pilaris as well as other skin conditions. Studies have found adapalene is as effective as other retinoids, while causing less irritation. It also has several advantages over other retinoids. The adapalene molecule is more stable compared to tretinoin and tazarotene, which leads to less concern for photodegradation. It is also chemically more stable compared to the other two retinoids, allowing it to be used in combination with benzoyl peroxide. Due to its effects on keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, adapalene is superior to tretinoin for the treatment of comedonal acne and is often used as a first-line agent. The Swiss company Galderma developed adapalene.","wiki_history":"== History ==\nAdapalene was a research product of the Swiss company Galderma. Adapalene was approved as a prescription medication in 1996 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the treatment of acne. In 2016, the US FDA approved adapalene gel 0.1% for over-the-counter (OTC) sale, marking the first time a formerly prescription-only retinoid became available without a prescription for acne treatment."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1996","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1996-05-31, GALDERMA LABS LP)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/87","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ADAPALENE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ADAPALENE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapalene","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T08:27:32.962107","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T00:46:48.665363+00:00","fieldsConflicting":14,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"tretinoin","drugSlug":"tretinoin","fdaApproval":"1971-10-20","patentExpiry":"Aug 22, 2038","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"retinol","drugSlug":"retinol","fdaApproval":"1953-02-20","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"isotretinoin","drugSlug":"isotretinoin","fdaApproval":"1982-05-07","patentExpiry":"May 29, 2035","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"trifarotene","drugSlug":"trifarotene","fdaApproval":"2019-10-04","patentExpiry":"May 30, 2033","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","name":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost 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