{"id":"acetophenazine","rwe":[{"pmid":"39839115","year":"2024","title":"Endoscopic surgery affects the gut microbiota and its metabolism in breast cancer patients.","finding":"","journal":"Frontiers in microbiology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"38554691","year":"2024","title":"Novel fluorescent probes based on sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots for determination of three N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives in dosage forms.","finding":"","journal":"Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"34627438","year":"2021","title":"[Effect and Mechanism of Epimedium Polysaccharide on Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Function and Th17/Treg Balance in Aplastic Anemia].","finding":"","journal":"Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"17606915","year":"2007","title":"Discovery of antiandrogen activity of nonsteroidal scaffolds of marketed drugs.","finding":"","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"2858803","year":"1985","title":"Anticholinergic potency of psychoactive drugs in human and rat cerebral cortex and striatum.","finding":"","journal":"Life sciences","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"acetophenazine","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"D(2) dopamine receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"DRD2","category":"gene"},{"label":"N05AB07","category":"atc"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Psychotic disorder","category":"indication"},{"label":"Schering","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1960s","category":"decade"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/cisapride","drug":"cisapride","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Cisapride","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"cisapride"}],"commonSideEffects":[],"contraindications":["Acute disease of cardiovascular system","Alcoholism","Anemia","Angina pectoris","At risk for aspiration","Benign prostatic hyperplasia","Bradycardia","Breastfeeding (mother)","Carcinoma of female breast","Chronic disease of respiratory system","Chronic heart failure","Coma","Conduction disorder of the heart","Congenital long QT syndrome","Disease of liver","Epilepsy","Extrapyramidal disease","Glaucoma","Hyperglycemia","Hyperprolactinemia","Leukopenia","Metabolic syndrome X","Myocardial infarction","Myocardial ischemia","Neuroleptic malignant syndrome"]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Merck & Co.","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=ACETOPHENAZINE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:11:02.075885+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:11:08.936520+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ACETOPHENAZINE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:11:09.684997+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:11:10.259154+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL2360079/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:11:10.153784+00:00"}},"allNames":"tindal","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["acetofenazine","acetofenazine maleate","acetophenazine","acetophenazine maleate","tindal","tindal maleate"],"timeline":[{"date":"1961-04-05","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Schering)"}],"aiSummary":"Tindal (acetophenazine) is a small molecule drug originally developed by Schering and currently owned by the same company. It targets the D(2) dopamine receptor and is used to treat psychotic disorders. Tindal was FDA-approved in 1961 and is now off-patent, meaning there are no active Orange Book patents. As a result, there are currently no generic manufacturers of the drug. Despite its off-patent status, key safety considerations for Tindal are not well-documented due to a lack of available information on its pharmacokinetics.","brandName":"Tindal","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Psychotic disorder","otherDrugs":[{"name":"chlorpromazine","slug":"chlorpromazine","company":"Glaxosmithkline"},{"name":"fluphenazine","slug":"fluphenazine","company":""},{"name":"fluphenazine decanoate","slug":"fluphenazine-decanoate","company":"Bristol Myers Squibb"},{"name":"fluphenazine enanthate","slug":"fluphenazine-enanthate","company":"Apothecon"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"D(2) dopamine receptor","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"DRD2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(2) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(2) dopamine receptor"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"acetophenazine","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Tindal acts as a competitive antagonist at the D(2) dopamine receptor, which is a subtype of the dopamine receptor family. This action is thought to be responsible for its therapeutic effects in treating psychotic disorders."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1961","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1961-04-05, SCHERING)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/59","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ACETOPHENAZINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":3,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T08:23:19.990530","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T01:11:12.017152+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"fluphenazine","drugSlug":"fluphenazine","fdaApproval":"1959-09-09","genericCount":26,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"perphenazine","drugSlug":"perphenazine","fdaApproval":"1957-02-27","genericCount":12,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"prochlorperazine","drugSlug":"prochlorperazine","fdaApproval":"1956-10-23","genericCount":3,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"trifluoperazine","drugSlug":"trifluoperazine","fdaApproval":"1959-04-16","genericCount":8,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"acetophenazine","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Psychotic disorder","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":69322001,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"fluphenazine","brandName":"fluphenazine","genericName":"fluphenazine","approvalYear":"1959","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"perphenazine","brandName":"perphenazine","genericName":"perphenazine","approvalYear":"1957","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"prochlorperazine","brandName":"prochlorperazine","genericName":"prochlorperazine","approvalYear":"1956","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"trifluoperazine","brandName":"trifluoperazine","genericName":"trifluoperazine","approvalYear":"1959","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"_patentsChecked":true,"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000179028","NDDF":"001485","UNII":"8620H6K4QH","VUID":"4019593","CHEBI":"CHEBI:2401","VANDF":"4018806","INN_ID":"1026","RXNORM":"16735","UMLSCUI":"C0050458","chemblId":"CHEMBL2360079","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL1085","KEGG_DRUG":"D00788","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB01063","PUBCHEM_CID":"17676","SNOMEDCT_US":"35281007","SECONDARY_CAS_RN":"5714-00-1","MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI":"C100162"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[{"period":"1961-","companyName":"Schering","relationship":"Original Developer"}],"publicationCount":31,"therapeuticAreas":["Other"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"N05AB07","allCodes":["N05AB07"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"originalDeveloper":"Schering","recentPublications":[{"date":"2024","pmid":"39839115","title":"Endoscopic surgery affects the gut microbiota and its metabolism in breast cancer patients.","journal":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"date":"2024 Jun 5","pmid":"38554691","title":"Novel fluorescent probes based on sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots for determination of three N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives in dosage forms.","journal":"Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy"},{"date":"2021 Oct","pmid":"34627438","title":"[Effect and Mechanism of Epimedium Polysaccharide on Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Function and Th17/Treg Balance in Aplastic Anemia].","journal":"Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi"},{"date":"2007 Jul 17","pmid":"17606915","title":"Discovery of antiandrogen activity of nonsteroidal scaffolds of marketed drugs.","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"date":"1985 Apr 15","pmid":"2858803","title":"Anticholinergic potency of psychoactive drugs in human and rat cerebral cortex and striatum.","journal":"Life sciences"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturers":0,"_genericFilersChecked":true,"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"approved","companyName":"Merck & Co.","companyId":"merck","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"1961","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"CA","regulator":"Health Canada","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null}],"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T01:11:12.017152+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"verificationStatus":"enriching","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":false,"indications":true,"safety":false,"trials":false,"score":1}}